9 AN ANALYSIS OF ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN TRANSLATION PROCESS AT VIETNAM ECONOMIC REVIEW UNDER VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Thesis: " Analysis of advantages and disadvantages in translation process at VietnamEconomic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences "... This study researched the factors affect

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Major: English for Finance and Accounting Student code: 17522202010133

Supervisor: Bui Thi Tuyet Mai ( Ms.)

I, Do Quynh Anh, declare that this thesis was researched and written by myself, thatthe content contained herein is my own and that this work has not been submitted toany other degree or qualification

Thesis: " Analysis of advantages and disadvantages in translation process at VietnamEconomic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences "

Hanoi, May , 2021Student

Đỗ Quỳnh Anh

This study researched the factors affecting translation quality of magazines atVietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences The paperaims at pointing out advantages and disadvantages in the translation process inJournal Then, suggesting some methods to improve the efficiency of magazinetranslation at the journal In order to achieve these aims, the graduation papersurveys the current performance of magazines translation activities in the Journaland points out whether it is advantageous or not From received results, the studyargues the most practical implications to improve the efficiency of magazinetranslation at the journal in the future years

Firstly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Faculty of ForeignLanguages for facilitating me during my 4-years study in the Academy of Financeand now providing me a chance to practice my knowledge, skills and profession inreality through this internship

Secondly, I also want to deliver a special thanks to, M.A Bui Tuyet Mai, lecturer ofAcademy of Finance, for being my direct supervisor of my internship and for herworthy suggestions and continuing support while I was conducting this work

Thirdly, I wish to show my sincere thanks to all my teachers at Academy of

Finance, who have provided me with worthy lessons throughout 4 years of study

Fourthly I am indebted to the staff of Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences for their valuable support during the internship I am extremely thankful and indebted to them for sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me

Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family for always supporting me,helping me walk through 4 years in the academy as well as in my graduationinternship

Thank you all!

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 2.1.3: Board of Vietnam Economic Review 30

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION i

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 3

1.1 Theoretical Review: Linguistics and Translation Study 3

1.2 Translation Theories 5

1.2.1 Definition of translation 5

1.2.2 The importance of translation 6

1.2.3 Types of translation 8

1.2.4 Translation strategies 11

1.2.5.The factors influencing translation process 17

CHAPTER 2: TRANSLATION OF BUSINESS MAGAZINES AT VIETNAM ECONOMIC REVIEW UNDER VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 24

2.1 Overview of Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 24

2.1.1 General information of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 24

2.1.2 Foundation and development of Vietnam Economic Review 28

2.1.3 Organization and management of Vietnam Economic Review 30

2.1.4 The Journal’s main activity 31

2.2 The procedures of translation of business magazines at Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 32 2.3 Analysis of advantages and disadvantages in translation process at Vietnam

2.3.1 Advantages in translation process at Vietnam Economic Review under

Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 35

2.3.2 Disadvantages in translation process at Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 37

CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS 40

3.1 Orientations and objectives of translation at the Journal in the future 40

3.2 Solutions to solve problems of translation at the Journal 41

3.2.1 Reorganizing the systems and processes 41

3.2.2 Improving the translator's knowledge 42

CONCLUSION 43

REFERENCE 45

1 Rationale of the study

Nowadays, English tends to become the most commonly used languageworldwide Fields such as construction, healthcare, finance, tourism,etc are allpresented in both Vietnamese and other languages Especially, in the period ofeconomic integration, translation plays an essential role in business and culturalexchange Firstly, it helps people to understand more about other cultural values.Secondly, it also helps the country keep up with global standards in the process ofdiplomatic relations, economic cooperation and other fields

Vietnam Economic Review is the economic science journal It publishesthe research results of scientists inside and outside the Institute on world economicissues and international economic relations, world political issues, internationaleconomic integration and reform of Vietnam The magazine is also a place thatregularly provides new information and documents on the situation and adjustment

of socio-economic policies of countries around the world, and Vietnam's foreigneconomic policy and system This helps readers at home and abroad to haveaccurate and reliable information Therefore, the translation quality of economicarticles plays an important role in the reputation of the newsroom in particular and

of Vietnam in general

2 Aim of the study

The study aims at analyzing the current status of translation of businessmagazines at VietNam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of socialsciences Then, it points out some advantages and disadvantages in the translationprocess of business magazines from which a number of ways are recommended toimprove efficiency of translation of these magazines or researches in the future

3 Scope of the study

Hanoi, Vietnam The study is based on the data provided by Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences and the object is the translation

of business magazines or researches at the Journal

4 Methodology of the study

Based on knowledge at university, books, documents, magazines, researches

of Vietnam Economic Review and these above aims, some methods are applied tofulfill this thesis as follows:

❖ Figure collection: from the Internet, Vietnam Economic Reviewwebsite, internal documents and reports

❖ Figure comparison, data evaluation and judgement

❖ Methods of analyzing, comparing and summarizing materials,statistics and information provided by Vietnam Economic Review under VietnamAcademy of Social Sciences

5 Organization of the study

The thesis includes 3 main chapters as follows:

Chapter 1 – Literature Review: This chapter provides general

information about linguistics and translation theories in specific criteria

Chapter 2 – Translation of business magazines at Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences : It is the main

part of the thesis consisting of an overview of Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, the current situation of translation of business magazines at the Journal as well as advantages and disadvantages in thetranslation of these magazines or researches

Chapter 3 – Ways to improve efficiency of translation of

business magazines at Vietnam Economic Review under Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences: The final chapter points out orientations and objectives of

translation of business magazines at Vietnam Economic Review under VietnamAcademy of Social Sciences in the future and recommends some solutions to solveproblems of translation of these magazines or researches

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Theoretical Review: Linguistics and Translation Study

i) Overview of Linguistics

There are many definitions of linguistics But almost all of these definitionsshow that linguistics is the discipline of language studies that includes how it is puttogether and how it works Linguistics is also the process of analyzing humanlanguage as a system that associates sounds (or gestures) with meaning In thisworld there are many different languages but they are made up of the combination

of many building blocks of different types and sizes The sounds are combined andsometimes this happens, their appearance can be changed and the way they arecombined can create unexpected phenomena Besides, words are arranged in acertain order Sometimes the beginning and end of a word are changed to give acompletely different meaning from the original The placement of words as well asthe speaker's knowledge of what the listener will understand can influence its ownmeaning There are many opinions that the field of linguistics includes a number ofsub-areas such as phonetics, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics andpragmatics Almost all professional linguists become experts in one or more ofthese sub-areas In more detail, phonology and phonetics study the sound system oflanguages, referring to the basic pronunciations of speech It can be investigated byobserving which physical properties of the vocal lines (including lips and tongue)are used to produce different linguistic sounds to convey information The form andsyntax of words and sentences involve studying the internal structure of words andsentences In addition to studying the sound system of language, word structuresand sentences, linguists also seek to identify the meaning behind words andcombinations of words called semantics The semanticists also compare themeaning of these associations when they interact with contextual information,another subfield called pragmatics After defining the semantics, the semanticistsalso compare the meaning of these associations as they interact with contextualinformation

Moreover, the linguistic discipline focuses on the theories of linguisticstructure, transformation and use, description and documentation of contemporarylanguages, and the significance of linguistic theories for understanding of the mindand brain, human culture, social behavior and language learning and teaching Likeall disciplines, linguistics plays an important role in human development Thedevelopment of linguistics will expand our knowledge and understanding of theoutside world Language is an important vehicle for human exchange and interaction.The knowledge gained in linguistics has many practical applications in life.

ii) The relationship between linguistics and translation study

All relationships cannot always be harmonious The same is true of therelationship between translation and linguistics In particular, translation scholarshave accused linguists of misapprehending translation “as a mere transcodingprocess” (Snell-Hornby 1988:3) and of being obsessed with a notion of equivalencewhich does not itself remain stable with variation in the terms used to denote it indifferent languages

Besides, the relationship of linguistics towards translation studies can betwofold: linguistic findings can be applied to the practice of translation, and alinguistic theory of translation can be created In the first example, a branch oflinguistics like sociolinguistics can give information about the connection oflanguage with the social situation and this something can then be applied in the act

of translating.In the second example, instead of applying linguistic theory to parts ofthe text which we are translating, we apply it to the whole 7 concepts of translation.The translator focuses the translation on the target text receiver, who is distinct fromthe source text receiver in terms of language, culture, world knowledge and textexpectations, then adapting the source language text to a different social group withwhat Marián Kabát, for the sake of terminological comparability, which is called

“natiolect” Both of these examples can be found in a number of writings on

1.2 Translation Theories

1.2.1 Definition of translation

Translation has been defined in numerous ways according to the view ofeach writer, translator and reader However, there are some typical definitionswhich are used popularly Lewis (1958:265) points out that “ "translate" is formedfrom the Latin ``trans+latus", which means "carried across"” For Wills (1982),translation is a transfer process, which aims at the transformation of written sourcelanguage text into an optimally equivalent target language text, and which requiresthe syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analyticalprocessing of the source language According to Foster (1958:1), translation is theact of transferring through which the content of a text is transferred from the SL(source language) into the TL (target language) Besides, Tu Anh (2005) wrote that

“Translation is the transmission of a thought expressed in one language by means ofanother language The language used to express the thought directly is called thesource language, and the language used to translate that thought is called the targetlanguage” Translation, by the dictionary definition, is something that is translated,

or the process of translating something, from one language to another (CambridgeEnglish Dictionary) According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, 1974,translation consists of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’sown or another’s language Therefore, translation is basically a change of form.From all of the definitions above, we can conclude that translation is the action ofdesigning equivalent “version” in the TL to preserve all the surface and hiddenvalues of the work in SL

According to the dictionary, there are also a number of different ways todefine “translation” In the Oxford dictionary, translation is known as the process oftranslating words or text from one language into another Therefore, translation isbasically a change in form That means we are referring to words, phrases,sentences, paragraphs, etc The forms mentioned are considered to be the surfacestructures of a language It is the structural part of language actually seen in print orheard in speech In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by that

of the target language In The Merriam Webster Dictionary (1974), translation isknown as the process of changing from one state or form to another, to turn intoone’s own or another’s language

From the notions above, translation is the process of conveying messagesfrom the source text to the target text Translation is used for the purpose ofpresenting the equivalent meaning of the source language in the target language Wecan claim that meaning is of the utmost importance in translation and it has to beheld in place for whatever happens Furthermore, translating a literary work intoanother language also means creating a new literary work in another language.Taking a work of poetry as an example, it is a book of poetry whose language isdifferent from the original text but has the spirit of the original text It also aroused asimilar response from readers between the two languages

1.2.2 The importance of translation

Nowadays, we live in a globalized world, where numerous countries andcultures are connected, whether by commercial or political relations, or merelycultural exchanges However, there are barriers that can often create difficultrelations These barriers are mainly linguistic, since these relations and exchangesare often established between countries and people that don’t speak the samelanguage, thus complicating the communication

In a world with over 7000 spoken languages, translation is important because

it allows people to communicate and understand each other’s ideas and cultures,without having to learn a second language Furthermore, even if people know morethan one language, we tend to understand and express ourselves better with ournative language

However, the importance of translation in today’s world goes way beyondthat

According to Ethnologue, English is the most spoken language in the world

if you count both native and non-native speakers English is also the language with

a more prominent presence in our day to day lives, whether it is on the media, theInternet, among others Consequently, we sometimes forget that, in reality, noteveryone can speak English, or even understand it Thereby, the translator’s quest is

to adapt all these linguistic and cultural particularities into the target language andculture Ultimately, the main goal is to ensure that everyone understands theoriginal content, preserving its essence

Due to the increasing globalization and technological advancements,physical distance is becoming a smaller concern when it comes to establishingpolitical, commercial or governmental relations Today’s world is dominated by theexponential increase of relations between foreign countries, since these bringcountless advantages

Thus, it is crucial that each country ensures excellent translation andinterpretation services, performed by competent and qualified professionals,because one tiny mistake could mean the complete failure of extremely importantrelations In addition, we are beginning to see the growth of other markets, outside

of the English language spectrum, like the Chinese market, for example, which hasbeen growing exponentially over the last few years, which leads to the pursuit ofnative translators

We live in a world where it is becoming more and more important toestablish international relations, and where we consume information andentertainment from all over the world We witness the creation of “a global village”,where everyone shares ideas, habits and cultures It is practically impossible toescape from this globalization We must accept that it is here to stay, fortunately.That being said, we must adapt to it and enjoy it as much as we can Translation issomething indispensable It breaks down barriers and borders Thanks to it, we live

in an extremely educated society, with access to all kinds of content All in all,translation is a necessity that must be acknowledged

1.2.3 Types of translation

i) Literal translation versus idiomatic translation

Because a text has both form and meaning, there are two main kinds oftranslation One is form-based and the other is meaning-based Form-basedtranslation attempts to follow the form of the source language and is known asliteral translation Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicatethe meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptorlanguage Such translation is called idiomatic translation An interlinear translation

is a completely literal translation

For some purposes, it is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of thesource text; as for example, in a linguistic study of that language Literal translationcan be considered as a very low level of translation A literal translation sounds likenonsense and has little communication value For Example:

Vietnamese: Mời bạn cùng tôi đi biển

Literal translation: Invite a friend with me to go to the beach (nonsense)This literal translation makes little sense in English

The appropriate translation could be a question:

Would you like to go to the beach with me?

Idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the receptor language, both inthe grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items A truly idiomatictranslation does not sound like a translation It sounds like it was written originally

in the receptor language Therefore, a good translator will try to translateidiomatically This is his goal However, translations are often a mixture of a literaltransfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of themeaning of the text It is not easy to consistently translate

In one translation, the source text said,

“Nhiều du khách nước ngoài đã giới thiệu cho chúng tôi về nhà hàng Hải Âu”

ii) Translating grammatical features

Each language has its own division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns,verbs, adjectives and so on Different languages will have different classes andsubclasses It will not always be possible to translate a source language noun with anoun in the receptor language Grammatical constructions vary between the sourcelanguage and the receptor language The order of the words in the sentence may becompletely reserved

The following Vietnamese simple sentence is given with a literal Englishtranslation:

Vietnamese: Chú học ở đâu?

Literal English translation: You study where? Understandable translationinto English requires a complete reversal of the word order: Where do you study?

The above translated sentences are only examples to show some types ofgrammatical adjustments which will result if a translator translates idiomatically inthe source language Certainly, there will be times by coincidence they match, but atranslator should translate the meaning not concern himself with whether the formsturn out the same or not

iii) Translating lexical features

Each language has its own idiomatic way of expressing lexical items

Languages abound in idioms, secondary meanings, metaphors and other figurative meanings All languages have idioms – the string of words whose meaning is

different than the meaning conveyed by the individual words

In English to say that someone is “bullheaded” means that the person is

“stubborn” The meaning has little to do with “bull” or “head” Similarly, in

Vietnamese to say that someone is “cứng đầu, cứng cổ” means that the person is

“stubborn” The meaning has little to do with “đầu” or “cổ” Languages abound in such idioms

The following are a few English idioms using in and into: run into debt, rush into print, step into a practice, jump into a fight, dive into a book, stumble into acquaintance, fall in love, break into society, etc

In spite of all these combinations, one cannot say the following: break into debt, fall into print, rush into a fight or dive into debt The combinations are fixed as

to form and their meaning comes from their combination A literal word for-word translation of these idioms into another language will not make sense The form cannot be kept, but the receptor language word or phrase which has the equivalent meaning will be the correct one to use in the translation

For example, the Vietnamese idiom “mạnh như trâu” is literally translated into English as in the first column and is idiomatically as in the second column Theliteral English is misleading Literal Idiomatic He is as strong as a buffalo He is as strong as a horse Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find figures of speech especially challenging A little translation of “strong as a horse” might sound really strange in a language where the comparison between a strong person and a horse has never been used as a figure of speech In Vietnamese

it would be more natural to say “strong as a buffalo” Similarly, a literal translation

of “blind as a bat” might sound really strange in a language where the comparison between a blind person and a bat has never been used as a figure of speech Names

of animals are used metaphorically in most languages But the comparison is often different and so the figure will be misunderstood unless some adjustment is made

For example, when someone is called a pig in English, it usually means he is dirty or a greedy eater In Vietnamese, it has different meanings It could means thatthe person is stupid or that the person is a greedy Some lexical combinations of the source language may be ambiguous The meaning is not clear

For example, “It is too hot to eat”, could mean any of the following: The food is too hot to eat; the weather is too hot for us to feel like eating; the horse is too hot after running a race and does not want to eat In the process of making an idiomatic translation, such ambiguities must often be resolved to keep the intended meaning in the context of communication

In short, there are four typical types of translation: literal translation,

idiomatic translation, translation grammatical features, and translation lexical

features However, one of them, literal translation, should be avoided because it willmake the translation meaningless or nonsense Idiomatic translation, in contrast, is considered to be a strongly recommended means

1.2.4 Translation strategies

i)Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level

It is often the case that no direct equivalents can be found in Vietnamese for

English words It may be that the concept or idea is new to Vietnam, as is the casewith “gender”, which is in fact a relatively new concept in general, and a difficultone to understand and explain in many languages Or, it may be that the concept isknown or readily understood but there is no specific word in Vietnamese to express

it The strategies listed below can be used to handle cases of non-equivalence

- Translating by a more specific word

In some cases, it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specificword to translate an English word into Vietnamese This usually involves choosingamong several different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words thatcorrespond to the general category or meaning expressed by the English term Forexample, the English word for “rice” can be translated by many differentVietnamese words (hạt lúa, hạt thóc, hạt gạo, cơm), depending on whether one isplanning it, harvesting it, cooking it, or eating it In these cases, the English wordalone is not enough to determine the appropriate Vietnamese translation, and it isnecessary to examine the English context in deciding which Vietnamese word is to

be used

- Translating by a more general word

In other cases, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translateEnglish with no specific Vietnamese equivalent For instance, English makesdistinctions among mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles, the latter having largerwheels and engines than both mopeds and scooters; Vietnamese, on the order hand,refers to all two-wheel, motorized vehicles as “xe máy” Similarly, the Englishwords “hand”, and “arm” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word “tay”,which does not suggest any problem of comprehension in Vietnamese, as it should

be clear from the context which of these words is meant

- Translating by paraphrase

This strategy can be used when translating an English word or concept that

in the sentence “Children should not drink alcohol.” In English the word “alcohol”includes all alcoholic beverages in its meaning However, the Vietnamese word foralcohol, “rượu”, does not include beer in its definition, so the Vietnamesetranslation should add the word beer to reflect the full meaning of the sourcelanguage sentence “Trẻ em không nên uống rượu, bia.”

ii)Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed expressions

According to English Idioms in Use (McCarthy & O‟Dell, 2004, p.6), anidiom is defined as a fixed expression which “has a meaning that is not obviousfrom the individual words” In other words, words have lost their individual identity

in the idiom The structure of the idiom is, to a large extent, fixed andunchangeable Every language has a set of idioms and fixed expressions of its own,which has been created and developed throughout history It is profoundlyinfluenced by the geographical position, natural and social conditions of the culture

in which the language is used Thus, the sets of idioms and fixed expressions indifferent languages vary in many ways Idioms and fixed expressions can be dealtwith in ways similar to those discussed above With idioms, however, there is theadded difficulty that the translator may not realize that she is dealing with anidiomatic expression, since more idioms may make sense when translated literally.Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning and form It is sometimespossible to find a Vietnamese idiom or expression with a similar meaning to anEnglish idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the same way One example

is the idiom “It is raining cats and dogs” This idiom does not have any meaningrelated to the pets (cats or dogs), but it just means “It is raining heavily” – “Trờiđang mưa to.” or “Mưa tầm tã.” In Vietnamese If this English idiom is translated inthe way of literal translation which just focuses on the meaning in dictionary of theword “cat”- “con mèo” and the word “dog” – “con chó” like “Trời đang mưa nhữngcon mèo và chó”, the sentence is totally nonsense Thus, it is clear that noVietnamese idiom or expression with a similar meaning to this English idiom can befound Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form It

is also possible, and usually easier to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similarmeaning to an English idiom or set expression, but which is expressed differently Agood example is the translation for “chở củi về rừng”, which is translated as “tocarry firewood to the forest” However, in English “to carry firewood to the forest”

is not an idiom and does not have the meaning as the Vietnamese idiom “chở củi vềrừng” The correct English equivalent of the Vietnamese idiom is “to carry coals toNewcastle” The meaning here is clearly the same for both idioms - to bringsomething to a place that already has an abundance of that thing - but the way inwhich each language expresses it is bound to the culture of that language It would

be far more cumbersome to translate this idiom word-for-word into Vietnamesewith an explanation that Newcastle is a well-known coal-producing city in England(as was suggested by some Vietnamese translators), which would unduly interruptthe flow of the text and greatly diminish the idiom‟s impact By substituting asimilar Vietnamese idiom, then, the flow and the impact of the original text areretained in the translation

- Translating by paraphrase

When Vietnamese equivalents cannot be found, paraphrasing may be the bestway to deal with an idiom or fixed expression A good example can be found in anarticle on maternal mortality, which includes the sentence, “But before the newestimates replace the old as a way of packaging up the problem, it should be saidthat a mistake has been made in allowing statistics such as these to slip into easylanguage” The expression “packaging up the problem” presented problems intranslation, as it was misinterpreted to mean “assembling” or “gathering together”.However, even if this phrase were clearly understood, it would be difficult to find aconcise equivalent in Vietnamese; in fact, it would be difficult to re-state concisely

in English This phrase is best dealt with by paraphrasing, which in English shouldread something like, “summing up the problem by referring to it simply as a

slip into easy usage” is problematic for the same reasons, and is also best dealt with

by paraphrasing, as a direct translation into Vietnamese would be nonsensical

iii) Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, number and person

VOICE: The passive voice is used very frequently in English and poses someproblems for translation from English into Vietnamese and vice versa in thefollowing ways:

(a) - Vietnamese: (i) A được + động từ + (bởi B) (positive meaning)

A được/do +(B) + động từ (ii) A bị + động từ + (bởi B) (negative meaning)

A bị + (B) + động từ

- English: A to be done (by B) = A be + V3/ed (by B)

For example: (1) Jack được Tim tặng một chiếc đồng hồ

= Jack is given a clock by Tim.

(2) Ngôi nhà này do Mark xây năm 2014.

= This house was built by Mark in 2014.

(b) - Vietnamese: (i) A được + động từ (positive meaning)

(ii) A bị + động từ (negative meaning)

(iii) Người ta/ai đó + động từ + A

- English: A to be done = A be + V3/ed or A has/have been + V3/ed

For example: (1) Mark mới được động viên gần đây.

= Mark has been encouraged recently.

The positive and negative connotation is often conveyed in English, it can be

difficult to know which verb to use in the Vietnamese

For example: English: The children were given beats.

Vietnamese: “Các cháu được đánh” or “Các cháu bị đánh.”

Depending on whether receiving shots was considered a positive or negative

experience On the other hand, when the positive or negative connotation of thesentence is clear, it is more appropriate to retain the passive voice in the

Vietnamese

For example:

- Cô ấy bị ngã = She falls.

- Chị Quỳnh bị đau bụng = Quynh has a stomachache.

NUMBER: Through both languages have similar notions of number and

countability, each language expresses this in very different ways In Vietnamese, numbers are often not expressed at all In English, number is expressed as a

grammatical category, that is, there are different grammatical forms for the singular and plural nouns In Vietnamese, however, no such distinction is made

grammatically For example, “Phụ nữ” can mean either woman or women In Vietnamese, some plural makers such as “các”, “những”,”tất cả”,”mọi”,”mỗi”…

can be used in addition to the noun If it is clear from the English context which of these plural markets should be used in the Vietnamese, then the translator should choose accordingly

Note: some words that can be countable in Vietnamese but are uncountable in

English

For example: information, equipment, furniture, potential, advice …

PERSON: Participants roles and forms of address are expressed in Vietnamesethrough a very complicated system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship (mối quan hệ họ hàng) terms Unlike their distinctions, depending on relationship within the family, familiarity, social status, and even one‟s particular mood or attitude in a given situation These distinctions are not always clear in English and can usually be determined by the context, if at all If it is not possible to determine the distinctions of the English pronouns, the decision should be based on

consideration of tone and overall purpose of the document

For example: A manual on health care contains sections written specifically

for children and adults In the section for children, “you” should be translated as

“chúng ta”, which is the inclusive “we” – that is, the speaker is including the

listener in a group with him/herself And in different contexts, “we” can be

Note: In English, age is often not important in the addressing system And

There is no distinction between the relatives of mother‟s side or father‟s side

Hai anh em = two brothers

Chú, bác = uncle

Cô, dì, bác gái = aunt

iv)Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names

Geographical terms: either translated into another word in English or

translated phonologically s‟ becomes x‟) or remained unchanged

Example:

- Bắc Kinh = Beijing

- Singapore or Xingapo = Singapore

- Xã hội chủ nghĩa = Socialist

- Braxin = Brazil

Names of organizations: Translation from Vietnamese into English: often

using the reverse order or adjective + noun or noun +preposition + noun.

“Bộ”, “Sở” = Ministry of …, Department of …

“Ngân hàng” = Bank for …, or Adjective + Bank

Example:

Ngân hàng phục vụ người nghèo = Bank for the poor

Ngân hàng công thương Việt Nam = Vietnam industrial and Commercial Bank Văn phòng chính phủ = Government office

Strategy 5: How to deal with non-subject sentences

In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are often come

across In this case, the following techniques of translation can be used:

Example:

- Cần đẩy mạnh công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa.

= Industrialization and modernization should be promoted.

1.2.5.The factors influencing translation process

1.2.5.1 Influence of the mother tongue

In the process of learning a foreign language, our mother tongue shapes ourway of thinking, and, to some extent, our use of the target language (word order,choice of words)

Thanks to translation, we understand better the interference in the mothertongue when learning a foreign language and will be able to explore the potential ofboth languages – their merits and shortcoming – by using contrastive analysis

Word order:

The differences between word orders in Vietnamese and English are shown inthe following example:

Vietnamese-into-English translation:

(i) “Cô ấy là một giáo viên giỏi Tên của cô ấy là Chi.”

In the phrase “giáo viên” is a noun, “giỏi” is an adjective, “tên” is a noun, and

“của cô ấy” is possessive adjective.

As we know, in Vietnamese, an adjective or possessive follows a noun In

In contrast, an adjective precedes a noun or possessive adjective has the sameposition

And the above phrases are written:

“She is a good teacher Her name is Chi.”

Beginners sometimes translate in this way:

“However, some companies software computer worry about software open

source.”

Suggested English version:

“However, some computer software companies worry about opened source

software.”

1.2.5.2 Words and choices of word meanings

Words are necessary for any language learners to build their own vocabulary toget advantages in their language learning Vocabulary is the fundamentalcomponent of communication; it carries with it the ability to communicateeffectively Developing this basic tool will open up opportunities in learningtranslation subjects well With a translation text, when learners have no difficulty innew words, it is easy for them to translate into the target language In contrast, theyseem to fail translating Most of the English words have many meanings; the exactmeaning of one word can be expressed only in context, as in the following example:

“My uncle ran for governor so he was a fair game for the press The reporters

dug back into his past and printed things about him that happened way back in

childhood But they found nothing that looked too bad and he did get elected.”

The word “ran” is the past and past participle of “run” which mean chạy, vận

hành, chạy trốn, tranh cử, bò… and the meanings of the word “dig” are đào bới, xới thọc sâu, khơi, khai quật …

It is obvious that there will be a bad translated text if the meanings of the words

are not selected appropriately “Ông cậu của tôi chạy trốn thống đốc vì thế ông là mục tiêu đáng chú ý cho báo giới soi mói Các phóng viên đã quay lại bới móc cái

quá khứ của ông và đăng những gì đã xảy ra trong thời thơ ấu Nhưng họ không tìmđược cái gì quá xấu và chú tôi đã đắc cử.”

Suggested Vietnamese version: “Ông chú tôi ra tranh cử vào chức vụ thống đốc vì

thế ông là mục tiêu đáng chú ý cho báo giới soi mói Các phóng viên đã quay lại

khơi dậy lại quá khứ của ông và đăng những gì đã xảy ra trong thời thơ ấu Tuy

nhiên, họ không tìm thấy điều gì quá tệ về ông và chú tôi đã đắc cử.” Vocabularyplays an important role in translation texts How many we know about meanings of

a words will bring to us many advantages in translation process and thus there will

be many chances for us who are really interested in translation work to becomeexpert translators

1.2.5.3 Grammatical structures

Vocabulary is not enough for translating It needs a special mean to make itmeaningful in the sentence That is grammar or grammatical structures In theprocess of translation, the grammatical structures are indispensable means.Insufficient knowledge on either of the two areas may lead to translation of poorquality English is very inflexible when compared to other languages It goes byvery strict structures while the Vietnamese language is much more flexible Forinstance, the Vietnamese language does not always use articles; there are manytenses in English, they are used with a particular structure In case, an untrue tense

is used readers cannot understand or misunderstand For instance, “Tôi đã học tiếngHàn Quốc 10 năm nay.”

Suggested English version: “I have learned Korean for 10 years.”

The tense of the verb is the present perfect tense, it shows an action which

happened in the past, and up to now or in the future However, there are no rules ofusing the different verb forms to express time when an action happens in theVietnamese language With the above present perfect tense, the sentence can betranslated as “Tôi đã học tiếng Hàn Quốc được 10 năm rồi.” In this way, the verb

“học” has no inflection and the meaning of the sentence is the same In conclusion,grammatical structures in English are so complicated and not easy to master Itrequires the learners to find an effective way of learning to study and practice more

if they want to limit grammar errors in using English in general and specifically intranslation subjects as skilled translators