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Sensors Applications Volume 2Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Sensors in Intelligent Buildings... Sensors Applications· Sensors in Manufacturing · Sensors in Intelligent Buildings · Sens

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Sensors Applications Volume 2

Sensors in Intelligent Buildings

Sensors in Intelligent Buildings Edited by O Gassmann, H Meixner

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Sensors Applications

· Sensors in Manufacturing

· Sensors in Intelligent Buildings

· Sensors in Medicine and Health Care

· Sensors in Automotive Technology

· Sensors in Aerospace Technology

· Sensors in Environmental Technology

· Sensors in Household Appliances

Related Wiley-VCH titles:

W Göpel, J Hesse, J N Zemel

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Sensors in Intelligent Buildings

Weinheim – New York – Chichester – Brisbane – Singapore – Toronto

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Schindler Elevators & Escalators

R&D Technology Management

in other languages) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, mi- crofilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers Registered na- mes, trademarks, etc used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to

be considered unprotected by law.

printed in the Federal Republic of Germany printed on acid-free paper

D-64743 Beerfelden

D-67433 Neustadt

n This book was carefully produced Nevertheless,

authors, editors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be free of er- rors Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details

or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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As the use of microelectronics became increasingly indispensable in ment and control technology, so there was an increasing need for suitable sen-sors From the mid-Seventies onwards sensors technology developed by leaps andbounds and within ten years had reached the point where it seemed desirable topublish a survey of what had been achieved so far At the request of publishersWILEY-VCH, the task of editing was taken on by Wolfgang Göpel of the Univer-sity of Tübingen (Germany), Joachim Hesse of Carl Zeiss (Germany) and Jay Ze-mel of the University of Philadelphia (USA), and between 1989 and 1995 a series

measure-called Sensors was published in 8 volumes covering the field to date The material

was grouped and presented according to the underlying physical principles andreflected the degree of maturity of the respective methods and products It waswritten primarily with researchers and design engineers in mind, and new devel-opments have been published each year in one or two supplementary volumes

called Sensors Update.

Both the publishers and the series editors, however, were agreed from the startthat eventually sensor users would want to see publications only dealing withtheir own specific technical or scientific fields Sure enough, during the Nineties

we saw significant developments in applications for sensor technology, and it isnow an indispensable part of many industrial processes and systems It is timely,

therefore, to launch a new series, Sensors Applications WILEY-VCH again

commis-sioned Wolfgang Göpel and Joachim Hesse to plan the series, but sadly WolfgangGöpel suffered a fatal accident in June 1999 and did not live to see publication

We are fortunate that Julian Gardner of the University of Warwick has been able

to take his place, but Wolfgang Göpel remains a co-editor posthumously and willnot be forgotten

The series of Sensors Applications will deal with the use of sensors in the key technical and economic sectors and systems: Sensors in Manufacturing, Intelligent Buildings, Medicine and Health Care, Automotive Technology, Aerospace Technology, Environmental Technology and Household Appliances Each volume will be edited by

specialists in the field Individual volumes may differ in certain respects as tated by the topic, but the emphasis in each case will be on the process or system

dic-in question: which sensor is used, where, how and why, and exactly what the efits are to the user The process or system itself will of course be outlined and

ben-V

Preface to the Series

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the volume will close with a look ahead to likely developments and applications inthe future Actual sensor functions will only be described where it seems neces-sary for an understanding of how they relate to the process or system The basic

principles can always be found in the earlier series of Sensors and Sensors Update.

The series editors would like to express their warm appreciation in the leagues who have contributed their expertise as volume editors or authors We aredeeply indebted to the publisher and would like to thank in particular Dr PeterGregory, Dr Jörn Ritterbusch and Dr Claudia Barzen for their constructive assis-tance both with the editorial detail and the publishing venture in general Wetrust that our endeavors will meet with the reader’s approval

col-Oberkochen and Coventry, November 2000 Joachim Hesse

Julian W Gardner

Preface to the Series

VI

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In the building control industry, a clear trend towards more ‘intelligence’ can beobserved In the last two decades, intensive research has been done in the area ofintelligent buildings The concept integrates new technologies from areas such assensor systems, computer automation, space-age materials, and energy manage-ment in order to adjust and adapt to its occupants Integrated sensor systemsjudge indoor and outdoor conditions of a building and its devices in order to oper-ate as an integrated system for maximum performance and comfort Modernbuildings become a place of multilateral interaction between the inhabitants andthe building entities.

With this volume Sensors in Intelligent Buildings of the series Sensors Applications

the Editors aim to create a work that presents the reader with a competent andcomprehensive survey of sensors and sensor systems currently applied in thebuilding industry The book is primarily aimed at scientists and engineers en-gaged in research on and the development and application of sensors and search-ing for detailed references on sensors in the building control area New system so-lutions and a wide variety of sensors will be available in all building areas such asenergy, HVAC, information, transportation, safety, security, maintenance, and fa-cility management

The chapters have been contributed by leading scientists in international search institutes, universities, and companies such as the City University of HongKong, Coactive Networks, University of Applied Sciences Dortmund, Estia Sàrl,Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research, Fraunhofer Institute for In-formation and Data Processing, Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuitsand Systems, GMD Institute for Secure Telecooperation, Motorola, Philips Re-search Laboratories, Purdue University, San José State University, Sauter, Schind-ler Elevators & Escalators, Siemens Building Technologies, Siemens CorporateTechnology, Siemens Energy & Automation, Siemens Landis & Staefa Electronic,Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Swiss Federal Institute

re-of Technology (EPFL), The Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute re-of ogy (MIT), Technical University Munich, Transtechno, University of the Bundes-wehr Munich, University of Vermont, Vienna University of Technology, ViterraEnergy Services, Weinzierl Engineering

Technol-VII

Preface to Volume 2 of “Sensors Applications”

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The main focus of this book relies on the system principle which is gainingmore and more importance throughout the building control industry Instead ofjust describing briefly the different types of sensors, it is the aim of the book to il-lustrate which sensors and sensor systems are used in which subsystem, to ex-plain which reasons were decisive for using especially a particular sensor and togive an outline of future developments In all chapters a description of the system

is followed by a discussion of the sensors currently used This includes a sion of their strengths and weaknesses and especially an illustration of the rea-sons why these sensors made it to industrial building applications In every area

discus-we also provide a short outlook on upcoming sensors and sensor systems – alsodeduced from the question of what the developments to the subsystem will beand which new sensor types will therefore be needed

This book has been produced with the contributions of many people We are verygrateful to the authors who spent valuable time to share their research results andexperiences with the scientific community Especially we would like to thank VerenaKlaassen, who gave us invaluable assistance in preparing this book Many thanks goalso to the publisher and series editors for their fruitful cooperation

Lucerne and Munich, February 2001 Oliver Gassmann and Hans Meixner

Preface to Volume 2 of “Sensors Applications”

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List of Contributors XXI

Oliver Gassmann, Hans Meixner

1.1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.2 Towards the Intelligent Building 4

1.1.2.1 Reduced Resource Consumption 6

1.1.2.2 Optimized Convenience and More Comfort 6

1.1.2.3 Increased Impact of Microsystems Technology 8

1.1.2.4 Increased Impact of New Communication Systems 10

1.1.2.5 Development of an Intelligent Home Market 12

1.1.2.6 More Integrated Buildings: the FuturElife Smart Building 12

1.1.2.7 Pneumatic Building Structures: Airtecture 14

1.1.3 Trends in Sensor Systems 16

1.1.4 Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 21

1.1.4.1 Energy and HVAC 22

1.1.4.2 Information and Transportation 22

1.1.4.3 Safety and Security 23

1.1.4.4 Maintenance and Facility Management 23

1.1.4.5 System Technologies 24

1.1.5 References 24

Albert T P So, Brian W L Tse

2.1.2 General Specifications of a Sensor 29

2.1.3 A Quick Review on HVAC Sensors 30

2.1.3.1 Temperature Sensors 30

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Contents

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2.1.4 Computer Vision-based HVAC Control 40

2.1.4.1 The Computer Vision System 41

2.1.4.2 Calibration of the Stereoscopic Camera System 41

2.1.4.3 Velocity Field Computation by Optical Flow 42

2.1.4.4 Pixel Correspondence 44

2.1.4.5 Scene Spots Fuzzy Clustering 45

2.1.5 Internet-based HVAC System Monitoring and Control 46

2.1.5.1 Philosophy of Internet-based Building Automation

with Image Transfer 47

2.1.5.2 The BAS Web Site 48

2.1.6 PMV-based HVAC Control 50

2.1.6.1 Elements of Comfort-based Control 51

2.2.2.2 Controller Block Diagram 66

2.2.2.3 Optimal Control Algorithm 67

2.2.2.4 Applied Sensors and NEUROBAT Controller Versions 69

2.2.3 Controller Performance Assessment 69

2.2.3.1 Simulation Study 69

2.2.3.2 Comparative Tests Within Office Rooms 72

2.2.4 Prototype Realization with Functional Tests on Residential

Buildings 75

2.2.4.1 Industrial NEUROBAT Prototype 75

2.2.4.2 Test Results Heating Season 1999/2000 76

2.2.5 Conclusion 81

2.2.6 References 83

Contents

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2.3 Air Quality Measurement and Management 85

Hanns-Erik Endres

2.3.2 Substances in Indoor Air 85

2.3.3 Sensors for Air Quality Measurements 88

2.3.4 Sensor Systems and Arrays for Air Quality Measurement 91

2.3.5 Examples of Long-term Air Quality Evaluation 95

Thomas Bernard, Helge-Björn Kuntze

2.4.1 Motivation 103

2.4.2 Control Concept 104

2.4.3 Theoretical Approach of Multi-objective Fuzzy Optimization 106

2.4.3.1 The Basic Algorithm 106

2.4.4.3 Optimization of Heating Temperature 110

2.4.4.4 Optimization of Air Exchange Rate 113

2.4.4.5 Optimization of Blind Position 116

2.4.5 Simulations and Measured Results 119

2.4.5.1 Supervisory Control of Heating and Ventilation Systems 120

2.4.5.2 Supervisory Control of Heating and Blind Systems 123

2.5.2.2 Energy Supplier and/or Billing Service Provider 129

2.5.2.3 Owners and/or Property Management 130

2.5.3 Data Transfer via Data Bus 130

2.5.3.1 Bus Applications of the Meter Sector and the Resulting Demands

on the Data Bus 131

2.5.3.2 Available Data Buses for Meter Applications 134

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2.5.3.3 M-Bus 134

2.5.4 Data Transmission via Radio 147

2.5.4.1 Data Transmission and Selection Process 147

2.6.2 Possible Implementations of the Energy Allocation 160

2.6.3 Allocation of Costs for Air Conditioning 161

2.6.5.2 Evaporative Heat Cost Allocators 167

2.6.5.3 Electronic Heat Cost Allocators 168

Yves Lüthi, Rolf Meisinger, Marc Wenzler, Kais Mnif

2.7.1 Introduction 173

2.7.2 Main Applications and Market Requirements 175

2.7.2.1 Filter, Fan Monitoring, and Pressure Control 175

2.7.2.2 Variable Air Volume 176

2.7.2.3 Summary 178

2.7.3 Silicon Pressure Sensors 179

2.7.3.1 Pressure Sensors as Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) 179

2.7.3.2 Could Pressure Sensors be Considered as Standard Electronic

Components? 183

2.7.3.3 Marketing and Application Considerations 185

2.7.4 Solution: a Flexible, Modular Pressure Sensor

for HVAC Applications 187

2.7.4.1 Concept 187

2.7.4.2 Autozero Facility 188

2.7.4.3 Factory Calibration Procedure 190

2.7.4.4 Characterization of the Sensor Elements 191

Contents

XII

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2.7.4.5 Application in the New Damper Actuator from Siemens Building

3.1.2 Abstract View and Definition of the Fieldbus 204

3.1.3 Communication Basics for Fieldbus Systems 206

3.1.3.1 Decentralization and Hierarchies 206

3.1.3.2 The ISO/OSI Model 207

3.1.3.3 Topologies 212

3.1.4 Historical Aspects 213

3.1.4.1 The Roots of Industrial Networks 213

3.1.4.2 The Evolution of Fieldbusses 215

3.1.5 Examples of Fieldbus Systems 218

3.1.5.1 EIB 218

3.1.5.2 LonWorks and ANSI/EIA 709 221

3.1.5.3 BACnet 225

3.1.5.4 EIBnet 227

3.1.6 Fieldbus Systems in Connection with the Internet 230

3.1.7 Present and Future Challenges 232

3.1.7.1 Interoperability and Profiles 232

3.1.7.2 System Complexity and Tools 232

3.1.7.3 Management – and Plug and Play 233

3.2.2.2 Sensor Network Requirements 243

3.2.3 Existing and Emerging Standards 250

3.2.3.1 Network Standards 251

3.2.3.2 Wired Links 252

Contents XIII

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Enrico Marchesi, Ayman Hamdy, René Kunz

3.3.1 Elevator System – Overvies 261

3.3.1.1 Functional Description 261

3.3.1.2 Sensor Applications in Elevators 262

3.3.2 Shaft Information System 264

3.3.2.1 Control Sensorics 264

3.3.2.2 Safety Sensorics 267

3.3.2.3 Comments on Currently Used Sensors 270

3.3.3 Present Developments for High-rise Elevators: New Shaft Information

System 271

3.3.3.1 The Conflict of High-rise Traction Elevators 271

3.3.3.2 New Challenges of Motion Control 273

3.3.3.3 Specifications of the New Shaft Information System 273

3.3.3.4 Candidate Sensors 276

3.3.3.5 Conclusion for Future Shaft Information Systems 283

3.3.4 Active Ride Control for High-rise Elevators 284

3.3.4.1 Motivation 284

3.3.4.2 Requirements on the Active Damping System 285

3.3.4.3 Concept of the Active Damping System 285

3.3.4.4 Controller Scheme of the Active Damping System 286

3.3.4.5 Sensor Specifications for the Active Damping System 287

3.3.5 Conclusions and Outlook 290

Hong Z Tan, Alex Pentland, Lynne A Slivovsky

3.4.3.3 Preprocessing of Pressure Data 299

3.4.3.4 Static Sitting Posture Classification 299

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3.4.5 The Future 303

3.4.6 Acknowledgments 303

3.4.7 References 304

Marc Thuillard, Peter Ryser, Gustav Pfister

4.1.2 Fire Sensing 309

4.1.2.1 Fire Physics, Smoke Aerosols, Gases, and Flames 309

4.1.2.2 Smoke Sensing Principles 316

4.1.3.1 Toxic and Combustible and Explosive Gases 338

4.1.3.2 Catalytic Devices (Pellistors) 340

4.1.4.1 Passive Sensing Principles 347

4.1.4.2 Active Sensing Principles 356

4.1.5.2 Reading Methods for Identification Cards 364

4.1.5.3 Biometric Reading Principles 368

4.1.5.4 Concepts for Automatic Processing of Card Data 371

4.1.5.5 Trends 373

4.1.5.6 Standards 374

4.1.6 Emergency Handling 374

4.1.6.1 Voice Evacuation Systems 374

4.1.6.2 Fire Extinguishing Systems 376

4.1.6.3 Alarm Receiving Centers 379

Contents XV

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4.1.7 Signal Processing 383

4.1.7.1 Intelligent Development Methods 385

4.1.7.2 Application of Multi-resolution and Fuzzy Logic to Fire Detection 387

4.2.3 Biometric Systems for Access Control 401

4.2.4 Security of Biometric Systems 405

4.3.2 Technologies for Solid-state Imaging 411

4.3.3 Principles of CMOS Imaging 412

4.3.4 Examples of CMOS Imagers 413

4.3.5 Simple CMOS Occupant Sensors Based on Motion Detection 419

4.3.6 CMOS Imagers and Motion-based Occupant Sensors Using

Peter L Fuhr, Dryver R Huston

4.4.2 Equipment and Data Processing 428

4.4.2.1 Calibration 429

4.4.2.2 Sensor Head Configuration 429

4.4.2.3 Wireless Communication Components 430

4.4.3 Laboratory Work 430

4.4.4 Uplift Monitoring 435

4.4.5 Field Measurements 436

4.4.5.1 Construction Site Specifics 437

4.4.5.2 Logistics of Field Site Work 438

4.4.5.3 Site Data Acquisition 440

4.4.6 Wireless Data Acquisition for Smart Shoring 441

4.4.7 Field Use and Representative Data 443

4.4.8 Conclusion 445

Contents

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5 Maintenance and Facility Management

Jerry Kahn

5.1.2 Predictive Maintenance and Condition Monitoring 451

5.1.2.1 Vibration 453

5.1.2.2 Acoustic and Ultrasonic Monitoring 455

5.1.2.3 Lubricant Analysis (Tribology) 455

5.1.2.4 Infrared Thermography 456

5.1.2.5 Process Parameter Monitoring 457

5.1.2.6 Electrical Testing 457

5.1.2.7 Sensory Inspection 458

5.1.3 Enhancing Condition Monitoring with Expert Systems 458

5.1.4 Integration with Plant Systems 460

5.1.5 Maintenance Management Methods 461

5.1.5.1 Reliability-centered Maintenance (RCM) 462

5.1.5.2 Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 462

5.1.6 Future Directions in Maintenance Technology 464

5.1.6.1 Wireless and Smart Sensor Development 464

5.1.6.2 Human Sensory Sensors 465

5.1.6.3 E-Maintenance via the World Wide Web 467

Hans-Rolf Tränkler, Olfa Kanoun

6.1.2 Sensor Applications in Intelligent Buildings 486

6.1.3 Requirements for Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 487

Contents XVII

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6.1.4 Sensor Systems for Safety and Health 488

6.1.4.1 Fire Detection 488

6.1.4.2 Gas Detection 491

6.1.4.3 Intrusion and Person Detection 495

6.1.4.4 Sensor Sytems for Health Safety 500

6.1.5 Sensor Systems for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

(HVAC) and Comfort 502

6.1.5.1 Convenience and Easy Usability 502

6.1.5.2 Thermal Comfort 503

6.1.5.3 Indoor Air Quality 504

6.1.6 Future Trends for Sensor Systems in Intelligent Buildings 505

6.1.7 Acknowledgements 508

Friedrich Schneider, Lars Binternagel, Yuriy Kyselytsya, Wolfgang Müller, Thomas Schlütsmeier, Bernhard Schreyer, Rostislav Stolyar,

Kay Werthschulte, Günter Westermeir, Dirk Wölfle, Thomas Weinzierl

6.2.2 Requirements in Home Automation Systems 512

6.2.3 Microcontroller Level 515

6.2.3.1 Realization 515

6.2.3.2 Choice of the Microcontroller 515

6.2.3.3 Bus Connection with BCU 515

6.2.3.4 Bus Connection via TP-UART 515

6.2.3.5 Bus Coupling with RF-UART 517

6.2.3.6 Operating System ContROS 520

6.2.5 Bus Monitoring and Service Programs 532

6.2.5.3 Future Work: Interpretation and Test Management 534

6.2.6 Configuration of Home Automation Systems 534

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6.2.6.4 The IMOS Tool 538

6.2.7 Visualization and Tele Services 539

6.2.7.6 Use of PDAs with HTML and CGI 549

6.2.7.7 Standard Browser and EIB The EIB Web Server 549

6.2.7.8 Security Aspects of Tele-services Using HTTP 553

6.2.7.9 Using Applets, Java in Tele-services 553

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M E Barnard

Philips Research Laboratories

Wireless Sector

Cross Oak Lane

Redhill, Surrey RH1 5HA

Fraunhofer Institute for Information

and Data Processing IITB

Rundeturmstrasse 6

64283 DarmstadtGermany

D DietrichVienna University of TechnologyInstitute of Computer TechnologyGusshausstrasse 27–29

1040 WienAustriaH.-E EndresFraunhofer Institute of MicroelectronicCircuits and Systems IMS

Leonrodstrasse 54

80636 MünchenGermany

P FischerUniversity of Applied SciencesDortmund

Sonnenstrasse 171

44137 DortmundGermany

P L FuhrSan José State UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering

1, Washington SquareSan José, CA 95192USA

XXI

List of Contributors

Tiêu đề	Sensors in Intelligent Buildings
Tác giả	O. Gassmann, H. Meixner
Người hướng dẫn	Prof. Dr. J. Hesse, Prof. Dr. J. W. Gardner, Prof. Dr. W. Gửpel
Trường học	University of Tübingen
Chuyên ngành	Sensors Applications
Thể loại	Sách
Năm xuất bản	2001
Thành phố	Weinheim

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Số trang	40
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