Tài liệu Bài giảng 15c - Bảng câu hỏi CVM pdf

Exercise: WTP for Lower Mekong ProtectionWould you be willing to pay US$2/month for the Regional Protected Area Conservation Program for Lower Mekong protection?. Stages of SP Questionna

Bài giảng 15c: Bảng câu hỏi CVM

Trương Đăng Thụy

Contingent Valuation Method

Questionnaire Formulation

Typical Workplan for SP Study

Initial Research

Choice of survey method & valuation technique

Choice of population & sample

Questionnaire Design

Test the questionnaire & conduct main survey

Econometric Analysis

Validity & Reliability testing

What question is being answered? What is the object being valued?

What is the survey method?

Contingent valuation or choice modeling?

Database coded & transferred to econometrics experts

Focus group Re-design questionnaire Pre-test survey

Re-design questionnaire Conduct main survey

What form of question?

What elicitation format?

What payment vehicle?

What is the target population?

What kind of sample should be selected?

Do the results meet validity & reliability tests?

Questionnaire Design

Criticism Against CVM

“ .respondents give answers that are inconsistent with the tenets

of rational choice, that these

respondents do not understand what is it they are being asked

to value (and, thus, that stated values reflect more than that which they are being asked to value), that respondents fail to take CV questions seriously

because the result of the

Exercise 1: WTP for Lower Mekong Protection

An outstanding feature of the lower Mekong region is the dynamic energy of its natural

systems.

The natural dynamics of the region is one of its most important development assets to be safeguarded and maintained The essential

role of ecosystems in their natural state for

maintaining the stability and productivity of

local economies and social systems is

becoming increasingly evident in the Mekong region Around 80 per cent of its population

is directly dependent on the productive

capacity of healthy natural systems The

relationship between water resources and

protected areas in particular is of growing

Exercise: WTP for Lower Mekong Protection

Governments of the region appear to have

recognized that the protection and

maintenance of its remaining natural

systems is essential to national welfare The

natural systems which are the foundation for

regional development cross national

borders Some of the most important

protected areas are adjacent to others in

neighboring countries.

Suppose a Regional Protected Area

Conservation Program would mean that you

and other households in Cambodia, Lao,

Exercise: WTP for Lower Mekong Protection

Would you be willing to pay US$2/month for the Regional Protected Area Conservation Program for Lower Mekong protection?

If yes, why are you willing to pay?

If no, why are you not willing to pay?

(Pls specify your one major reason)

Possible Problems

• Individuals answer willingness-to-pay

questions inaccurately due:

– To failure in understanding because the

questionnaire is poorly designed (vague or insufficient vital information)

– To problems with survey administration (e.g poorly trained enumerators)

Questionnaire Design is VERY IMPORTANT!

• Key element in SP: properly

designed questionnaire

• Should make respondent

– Think seriously – Provide necessary info– Reveal their true monetary valuation

• Principal Challenge: make scenario understandable, plausible, &

meaningful

Stages of SP Questionnaire Design

First stage: Formulating the valuation problem

- Policy change being valued

- Valuation scenario (Method of provision, Payment vehicle,

Decision rule, Time frame of payment)

- Response Format

Second stage: Additional questions

- Debriefing & follow-up questions (screen protest & misleading responses)

- Attitudes, opinion, knowledge & uses

- Demographics

- Questionnaire structure

Stage 1: Formulating the Valuation Problem

Policy Change being valued

Policy Change being valued

• Description of the changes in

resource/service conditions due to

the policy change being valued

Potential Problems in defining policy change

• Scientific uncertainty about the

physical effects;

• Unclear how physical changes affect

well-being;

• It may be difficult to get those in

charge of a policy or project that will

lead to the change to be valued to

commit to what the project will

actually do;

• Difficult to convey the effects of

policy change;

Example of Problems in defining policy change

- Difficulty in describing wide range of changes

in flora, fauna, etc.

- Damages may be different in different stretches of the river.

What then is usually valued .

• Physical descriptions of changes

in resource conditions frequently

are not available

• Contingent valuation questions

often are framed to value the

policy change

– This is a problem

• respondents will make their own assumptions regarding what the policy change will accomplish

• Different respondents will use different assumptions, i.e they are valuing different resource changes.

•What is the policy change being

valued?

Expansion and conservation of Protected Areas

in the Lower Mekong Region

•What is the change in resource

condition being addressed by the

policy being valued?

Improved drinking water supply function of

Mekong River system .expand coverage from 60% to 90% of all households

Exercise 2: Identifying Good being valued (by Group)

• What is the policy change?

• What is/are the change/s in

resource/service condition that

will be affected by policy

change?

Stage 1: Formulating the Valuation Problem

Constructing the Valuation

Scenario

Valuation Scenario: Context dependent

• Values are contingent on various

aspects of the scenario presented & questions asked

• information provided about the good

Valuation Scenario : 1 Describe Policy Change

a Description of the attributes of the

good under investigation in a way that

is meaningful and understandable to

respondents

– Describe most important or

familiar valuable attributes of the good

– Strike a balance between

information overload and vagueness of the scenario

Valuation Scenario : 1 Describe Policy Change

b Description of the proposed policy

Valuation Scenario : 2 Describe Constructed Market

d Who will have to pay and who will

benefit or lose from it

Valuation Scenario : 3 Describe Method

of Payment

a Choice of benefit measure

b Payment Vehicle

c Individual or household payment

Note: Reference income to be elicited in the

survey should be consistent with the unit of

analysis

d Timing of payment

- One lump (1-time K expenditure);

yearly, monthly, daily, per visit

(goods continually provided)

- Frequency has effect on WTP

WTP to secure a

gain Would you be willing to pay 5000 kip/mo for improvement in river

water quality brought about by

PA conservation?

WTP to avoid a

loss Would you be willing to pay 5000 kip/mo to avoid a decline in river

water quality brought about by

PA destruction?

WTA to tolerate

loss Would you be willing to accept 5000 kip/mo to accept a decline

in river water quality brought about by PA destruction?

WTA to forego a Would you be willing to accept

Valuation Scenario : 3 Method of Payment:

Benefit Measures

• Should be perceived by the

respondent to be linked directly

to the provision of the good

• If mandatory, once a

commitment has been made,

respondents take the notion of

payment seriously (NOAA

Recomm)

Valuation Scenario : 3 Method of Payment:

Payment Vehicle

“We would like to request that only

the household head

(husband/wife/ or working adult

children) should answer this

questionnaire However, you may

consult with other members of

your household when answering

the questionnaire if you wish “

Valuation Scenario : 3 Method of Payment:

Individual or Household Payment

Formulating the Valuation Problem

Elicitation Method

Elicitation Format

• Open-ended – asks directly the maximum amount the respondent

is willing to pay

• Payment card – shows a card

that indicates a sequence of

prices and allows the

respondents to choose one

• Bidding Game – proposes some price and change it until the

respondent bids off

• Dichotomous Choice – proposes a specific price and asks if the

Open ended What is the maximum amount that you would be prepared to pay every year,

through a tax surcharge, to conserve the Protected Area in the ways described earlier?

Payment card Which of the amounts listed below best describes your maximum willingness to

pay every month, through a tax surcharge, to conserve the Protected Area in the ways described earlier?

Would you pay 5000 kip every month, thorugh a tax surcharge, to conserve the

Protected Area in the ways described earlier? (The price is varied randomly across

the sample).

Double-bounded

dichotomous

Would you pay 5000 kip every month, thorugh a tax surcharge, to conserve the

Protected Area in the ways described earlier? (The price is varied randomly across the sample).

Open ended Large number of zero responses

Bidding game Final estimate shows dependence on starting point used Payment card Weak dependence of estimate on amounts used in the card

Concluding Notes on Elicitation Method (accdg to Bateman et al.)

• “ .considering pros & cons we

would recommend 2 procedures:

payment cards & dichotomous

choice formats.

• Advantages

– Payment Card: informative and

may be cheaper to implement

– Dichotomous choice: (1)

Individuals used to making choices

on take-it-or-leave it basis; (2)

easier to answer “yes”-“no” than

give a $ value; (3) is

incentive-compatible—respondents best

strategy is to give truthful answer

Budget Reminder

Please don’t agree to pay an amount if you think you

can’t afford it or if you feel that there are more

important things for you to spend your money on, or if you are not sure about being prepared to pay or not Please think about how much you can really afford and where the additional money would come from and try

to be as realistic as possible.

By agreeing to pay this amount of money to avoid this environmental change les money will be available for your other expenditures Here is a list of some budget categories that people usually have Which budget

would your money come from?

Valuation Scenario

Watershed Example

A watershed catches water from the rain and drains the water through a network of rivers and streams in the area, until it reaches a common outlet

The amount of water that can be stored in the watershed is largely affected by its land uses It is widely accepted that maintaining a good forest cover increases the capacity of the watershed to store water and regulate its flow But as you may already know, our country is fast

losing its forest cover Deforestation and poor land use

practices are common and these have damaged the

hydrologic condition of many of our watersheds As a

consequence, floods during the rainy season and droughts during the dry season are common.

At present, the money paid by water users to the water distributors is mainly for treating and distributing

water to the users Very little, if any, is used for watershed management If there will be payment for the

environmental services provided by the watershed, there will be available funds to implement these watershed

– Invest in agro-forestry activities;

– Install soil erosion control structures (vegetative and

engineering)

In the short term, these will help reduce or eliminate illegal logging, kaingin (slash-and-burn cultivation), forest fires, wildlife poaching, squatting, and other

destructive activities in the watershed In the long

run, you will have a more stable water supply because

of the improved hydrology of the watershed There

will be more water during the dry months, and water rationing will be reduced, if not altogether eliminated The occurrence of floods will be minimized

Do you agree that a policy measure should be

implemented that will require all water users to

contribute 50 pesos/ household/month for five years

to provide funds for upland dwellers to do watershed protection activities?

_Yes

Per month for five Dichotomous Choice

Exercise 3a: Valuation Scenario

by proposal – Constructed market

Exercise 3b: Valuation Scenario

by proposal – Method of payment

Stages of SP Questionnaire Design

First stage: Formulating the valuation problem

- Policy change being valued

- Valuation scenario (Method of provision, Payment vehicle,

Decision rule, Time frame of payment)

- Response Format

Second stage: Additional questions

- Debriefing & follow-up questions (screen protest & misleading responses)

- Attitudes, opinion, knowledge & uses

- Demographics

- Questionnaire structure

Third stage: Pre-testing the questionnaire

- Focus groups, re-design questionnaire, pre-test, re-design again

Stage 2: Additional Questions

Debriefing, Attitude/

Behavior/Knowledge, and

Demographics

Debriefing Questions

• Two main types

– Questions to explain why

respondents were or were not

willing to pay for the change

presented

– Questions to explain respondents’ views of the scenario presented

WTP Follow-up Questions: Why Not WTP

Protest (x) Our household cannot afford to pay. 

The change is too small to be of importance. 

I think the problem is not a priority. 

I would already be satisfied with the future situation. 

I am not very concerned about this matter. 

I do not live near here and I am not really interested on what will happen. 

Spending should be on all other rivers, not just this one X

I object to paying higher water rates because of corruption of managers x

WTP Follow-up Questions: Scenario follow-up

Valuation of Marine Turtle Protection

Did you think there are real existing threats to the Marine Turtles as

described?

When you decided on your vote, did you believe the description of the current situation with regard to the current status of the Marine Turtles? When you decided on your vote, did you believe that the Regional

Marine Turtle Conservation Program would actually be effective in

saving the Marine Turtles?

When you decided on your vote, did you believe that the Electric

Company <the name of Electricity Company in your city> would agree

to collect the funds for this program?

When you decided on your vote, did you like the proposal to collect

Attitudes, Opinions, Knowledge and Use

• Intends to measure respondents’ attitudes, perception,

– They provide valuable qualitative and

quantitative information that may help to validate monetary valuations

• Age, education, gender, job, income, etc

General Types of Measurement Scales

Nominal Numbers are used to identify & classify

objects into 1 of a set of mutually exclusive & exhaustive classes, w/no implied ordering

Sex Classification: Male =1

Female = 0

Ordinal Numbers indicate the relative positions

of the objects but not the magnitude

of differences between them

Ranking of envt’l priorities:

Water quality =1 Air quality = 2 Waste mgt = 3

Interval Numbers allow us to tell how far apart

2 or more objects are w/ respect to a criterion, i.e differences bet objects can be measured.

How sure are you about your

answers? 100% sure; 50% sure