AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTVIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES LE XUAN TOAN STUDY ON GENETIC VARIATIONS OF GROWTH TRAITS AND WOOD PROPERTIES OF Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn.. There
Trang 1AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES
LE XUAN TOAN
STUDY ON GENETIC VARIATIONS OF GROWTH TRAITS
AND WOOD PROPERTIES OF Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn ex
Benth IN PROGENY TESTS
Subject: Forest Genetics And Tree Breeding Code: 9 62 02 07
SUMMARY OF FORESTRY PHD THESIS
Hanoi - 2022
Trang 2NGUYỄN TRỌNG ĐIỂN
Scientific supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Phi Hong Hai
Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia
Chairman of science committee: Prof Dr Vo Dai Hai
Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Duc Tuan
Reviewer 2: Dr Doan Ngoc Dao
Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Bui Van Thang
The thesis is presented in front of the institute-level dissertationcommittee meeting at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
at h minutes, on day/month/year 2022
This thesis can be obtained at National Library of Vietnam and
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences’ library
Trang 41 The necessary of thesis
Acacia crassicarpa Acunn Ex Benth is native to Australia, Papua
New Guinea and Indonesia This is a multi-purpose plant, can competewith weeds and grow well on nutrient-poor soils (Harwood et al., 1993)
Research on the improvement of Acacia crassicarpa showed that
provenances from Papue New Guinea (PNG) adapted to mildly alkalinesoils, but the stem was easy to bending and whirlwind initiation (Thomson,1994; Minquan and Yutian, 1991) Provenances from Queensland (Qld)are more tolerant of wind gusts but grow slower than PNG outputs
In Vietnam, studies have also confirmed that Acacia crassicarpa has
the ability to grow quickly and adapt well to hilly soils and sandy soils inthe open fields (Le Dinh Kha, 2003; Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 2003; NguyenThi Lieu, 2006) Provenances from PNG are usually the fastest growingones Through breeding work, up to now, the Ministry of Agriculture andRural Development has recognized many provenances and 11 familieswith high productivity (over 20 m3/ha/year) and high cellulose content (PhiHong Hai, 2016)
After many steps of improvement of varieties, many new
provenances of Acacia crassicarpa have been imported, especially
provenances from Queensland (QLD) with the aim of increasing the
genetic diversity of Acacia crassicarpa existing in Vietnam Many 2nd
generation progeny tests were established in Vietnam In order to meet the
goal of breeding of A crassicarpa in the direction of improving
productivity and quality of wood, especially saw log supplement, andincreasing genetic diversity and tolerance, continuing to add scientificbases for research to improve varieties is essential Therefore, the research
"Study on genetic variations of growth traits and wood properties of
Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn ex Benth in progeny tests" is very
meaningful scientific sence as well as production practice
Trang 52 The scientific and application significance
- The scientific significance:
The results of the thesis have supplemented the understanding ofgenetic variations of some wood properties closely related to sawn timberand the genetic relationship between growth traits to stem quality andsome wood properties, as a scientific basis for selecting and breeding of
Acacia crassicarpa.
- The application significance:
+ Two new provenances, Luncida and Cape Melville fromQueensland, have been selected, which grew slowly at the age of 3 - 4years compared with provenances from Papua New Guinea, but grew fast
at the age of 7 – 12 These provenances have high density and modulus ofelasticity
+ 15 families of A crassicarpa, have been selected (25, 26, 31, 32 in
Nam Dan; 38, 25, 44, 45, 18, 16, 73 in Cam Lo and 89, 35, 94, 71 in HamThuan Nam), that has fast growth, good quality of stem and quality ofwood in the 2nd generation progeny tests to serve large timber plantations
3 The research purpose
- General purpose
Identifying the genetic variations of some important traits as a
scientific basis to contribute to the research and improvement of the A.
crassicarpa with high productivity and good quality of wood for sawn
timber plantations in the central Vietnam
- Detail purpose
+ To evaluate the genetic variations between families on growthtraits, stem quality and some wood properties in in the 2nd generationprogeny tests;
+ To determine the correlation between the growth traits and thequality of the stems and some wood properties; determine the levels ofgenotype - environment interaction for growth traits;
Trang 6+ Determining theoretical and realised genetic gain of A.
crassicarpa;
+ Proposing some practices for improvement of A crassicarpa in the
next generations
4 The remarkable results
- A comprehensive study on the genetic variations of spiral grain,microfibril angle (MFA), basal density, shrinkage and elastic modulus of
elasticity of A crassicarpa families in 2nd generation progeny tests,
serving to select varieties for large timber plantations
- 2 provenances of Luncida and Cape Melville from Queensland and
15 families of A crassicarpa, were selected, which have fast growth, good
stem quality, high wood density and modulus of elasticity and/or lowshrinkage and sprial grain for sawn timber plantations
5 Material
- Subjects of research on genetic variations for growth traits, stemquality and wood properties are 186 families (of 14 original provenances)
of A crassicarpa in the 2nd generation progeny tests;
- The research object of reality genetic gain is the seedlots thatcollected from good families at the 2nd generation progeny test in Cam Lo
- Quang Tri, the mixed seedlot of 20 good families at the 2nd generationprogeny tests in Ham Thuan Nam - Binh Thuan, the seedlot from PNG andthe commercial seedlot in the Central Vietnam
6 Research scope
- Content of study:
(1) The thesis only researched the genetic variations for the growth
and stem quality traits of the A crassicarpa families in the 2nd generation
progeny tests at different ages; specifically: Nam Dan - Nghe An at theages of 2, 7, 12; Cam Lo - Quang Tri at the age of 3, 5, 10; Ham ThuanNam - Binh Thuan at the ages of 5 and 9
(2) Due to limited time and funds, the studies on genetic variationsfor density and modulus of elasticity were only carried out at the age of 7
Trang 7at Nam Dan - Nghe An test, while the other traits, like density, shrinkage,sprial grain and microfibril angle (MFA) were only evaluated at the age of
10 in Cam Lo - Quang Tri test
(3) The studies on reality genetic gain were actually conducted inQuang Tri province, on hilly site in Cam Lo district and on sandy site in
Le Xuyen village, Trieu Trach commune, Trieu Phong district, Quang Triprovince
7 Dissertation layout
- Introduction: 5 pages
- Chapter 1: Overview of research issues: 30 pages
- Chapter 2: Content, materials and methodology researchs: 19 pages
- Chapter 3: Research results and discussion: 72 pages
- Conclusion and recommendations: 4 pages
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 1.1 General information about Acacia crassicarpa
Acacia crassicarpa A Cunn ex Benth belongs to the order Fabales,
family Mimosaceae
Acacia crassicarpa is native to Australia, Papua New Guinea and
Indonesia It is a multi-use plant with the ability to grow quickly,withstand wind and sand, compete with weeds (especially thattle), andgrow well on nutrient-poor soil (Harwood et al.,1993) This is one of thethree most promising acacia species and is widely cultivated in manycountries (Turnbull et al., 1998)
1.2 Influence of some wood properties on the sawlog quality timber
- Log diameter is very important for woodworkers (Steele, 1984) Ingeneral, large diameter logs are capable of producing a higher volume oflumber, with lower fixed costs and a higher percentage of quality lumber(Walker, 2006) Two traits, that are easiest to implement in an effort to
Trang 8improve varieties for sawn timber plantations, are stem straightness andbranch thinness, since their effects on wood quality and timber yield areobvious (Zobel & Jett, 1995).
- The basic density of wood is one of the most importantcharacteristics to consider in lumber production (Rozenberg & Cahalan,1997) Wood used in load-bearing structures requires high density andstrength, while low-density wood may be more suitable for pulp and paperproduction than for construction (Barnett & Jeronimidis, 2003)
- Shrinkage is one of the most important properties for dimensionalstability of wood Excessive shrinkage during drying will cause warping,cracking and denting of the wood (Ormarsson et al., 1998; Skaar, 1988)
- Modulus of elasticity (MoE) and Modulus of rupture (MoR) areimportant properties for the three main products of sawn timber, which arefurniture, flooring and construction wood The modulus of elasticity andModulus of rupture are also affected by the microfiber angle, the ligninratio and the spiral grain (Huang et al., 2003; Aggarwal et al., 2002)
- Spiral grain on the tree can cause twisting, deformation of the boardand surface problems during machining (Ekevad, 2005) The spiral grain isusually very high in the heartwood (Ormarsson & Cown, 2005)
- The microfibril angle (MFA) of the S2 cell wall layer in wood fibercells is one of the properties that greatly affects the static flexural strength
of wood (Evans & Ilic, 2001) Recently, the evaluation of MFA for a largenumber of wood samples by X-ray diffraction method - SilviScan2 hasbeen developed, but, because of the high cost, there are not manypublications on the genetic variation of MFA (Yang & Evans, 2003)
1.3 International research
Acacia crassicarpa Acunn ex Benth is native to Australia, Papua
New Guinea and Indonesia This is a multi-purpose plant, has the ability togrow quickly, compete with weeds, and grow well on nutrient-poor soils(Harwood et al., 1993) In the 1990s, Acacia crassicarpa was first
Trang 9introduced as a substitute species in the pulp and paper industry (Turnbull
et al., 1998)
Research on the improvement of A crassicarpa in the world showed
that the Papue New Guinea (PNG) provenances are adapted to mildlyalkaline soils, but the stems are susceptible to bending and breakage bywhirlwinds (Thomson, 1994; Minquan et al Yutian, 1991) TheQueensland (Qld) provenances are more tolerant of whirlwinds but growmore slowly than PNG provenances To date, only a few studies on genetic
variation of A crassicarpa have been published, such as some studies
from Harwood et al (1993) in Australia, Arif (1997) in Indonesia, Arnoldand Cuevas (2003) in the Philippines These studies have noted that therewere significant differences in growth between provenances and families.The heritability of growth traits was only low to moderate, while stemstraightness and height under branches both had very low heritability,reaching from 0.01 to 0.14 Studies on improving wood properties for
provenances of A crassicarpa are few and have only been recorded in
Indonesia and Malaysia; No genetic variations have been studied in theprogeny tests
Acacia crassicarpa is propagated mainly from seeds Young
seedlings grow fast, 3 months seedlings is suitable for planting (Thomson,
1994) Acacia crassicarpa can also be propagated by grafting and tisue
culture from 3-year-old trees, it will be more difficult if the plant is older
(Thomson, 1994) Pure clone of A crassicarpa is very difficult to
propagate and deploy, due to the phenomenon of rapid aging ofpropagating material Therefore, the mass propagation of selected varietiesmust be carried out by the clonal family forest (CFF) method and initially
gave very positive results in Indonesia (White) et al., 2007) In vitro
propagation has also been initially studied, typically the study of Yang et
al (2006)
Trang 101.4 Vietnamese research
Acacia crassicarpa was evaluated as a fast growth species and good
adaptability on hilly soils and especially on sandy soils (Le Dinh Kha,2003; Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 2003; Nguyen Thi Lieu , 2006) On hilly
area, the species had the same growth capacity as A mangium, Acacia hybrid and higher than A auriculiformis In terms of use value, Nguyen Tu Kim et al (2015) said that A crassicarpa wood is soft and light, the wood
has medium volumetric shrinkage coefficient and low grain saturationpoint, so it is quite convenient in drying process Wood can be used tomake common items, to make civil houses
Studies on variation between provenances have confirmed thatPNG's provenances were the fastest growing (Le Dinh Kha, 2001) At theage of 4 - 5.5, narrow sense heritabilities of the growth parameters in the1st generation progeny tests in Cam Lo and Phong Dien, Ham Thuan Namwere relatively low (Ha Huy Thinh et al., 2011) In the 2nd generationprogeny tests, the narrow sense heritabilities of growth traits and stemquality were both low in Cam Lo and Quy Nhon test (h2 = 0.01 - 0.14), butmedium in Ba Vi (h2 = 0.16 - 0.24) (Phi Hong Hai et al., 2014) Up tonow, the research on improving wood properties has only been performed
by Pham Xuan Dinh (2010) and Pham Xuan Dinh et al (2014) for thedensity and cellulose content in the 1st generation progeny tests in Cam
Lo, Phong Dien and Ham Thuan Nam at the age of 5 - 10
Research on cutting propagation was done by Nguyen Thi Lieu(1998) Tissue culture propagation was done by Dang Thai Duong (2015)
In clonal family forest (CFF), Phi Hong Hai and Van Thu Huyen (2016)conducted research on propagation for 5 superior families of the 2ndgeneration progeny tests in Quang Tri and Binh Thuan by tissue culturemethod
Trang 111.5 Overall rating
- In the world, there are not many researches on improving varieties
for A crassicarpa, mainly on provenances selection There are some studies on genetic variation of A crassicarpa in some countries, but only
focus on growth traits and stem quality at the age of 2-13 years While thestudies to improve sawn timber quality have only been done at theprovenance level
- In Vietnam, from species/ provenance tests, 1st and 2nd generation
progeny tests of A.crassicarpa, has identified that A crassicarpa is one of
three most promising acacia species The 1st generation progeny test of A.
crassicarpa were evaluated for genetic variations and estimated the
heritabilities of growth traits, stem quality, wood density and cellulosecontent The 2nd generation progeny tests, due to their young age,assessment of variation and heritability were only carried out for growthtraits and stem quality at the age of 3 - 4 years
- A crassicarpa is currently grown only with sexual plants and from
unselected seed sources whose quality is not controlled Previous studies
have also confirmed that A crassicarpa clones cannot deploy because of the rapid aging of the propagation material, so research on breeding A.
crassicarpa has to focus on selecting superior individuals within the
superior families according to the clone family forestry business (CloneFamily Forest - CFF)
CHAPTER 2 CONTENT, MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Trang 123) Determine the correlation between growth traits with stem quality traitsand wood properties and the influence of genotype - environment (GxE)interactions;
4) Estimate theoretical and realised genetic gain of growth traits, stemquality and wood properties;
5) Propose solutions to improve Acacia crassicarpa
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Methods of collecting data on growth and stem quality
- Diameter of breast height, height of tree were measured for all oftrees in the tests according to common methods in forest inventory by VuTien Hinh and Pham Ngoc Dao (1997)
- Collecting data on stem quality such as stem straightness (Dtt) andbranch size (Dnc) of all the trees in the test by the survey methodmentioned in TCVN 8755: 2017 - Forest tree varieties axis persistence ofstem (Dttt) was performed according to the scoring method ofLuangviriyasaeng and Pinyopusarerk (2002) The overall quality of stems
is calculated according to the formula of Le Dinh Kha et al (2001)
2.3.2 Method of collecting data on wood properties
a) Method of collecting wood samples:
12 mm increment cores were collected from 4 random trees/family of
52 families in the test at Cam Lo - Quang Tri Wood samples collected bycutting: 200 wooden dices with 5 cm thick were taken at a height of 1.3m
Trang 13from 200 trees at the age of 7 (at the time of thinning), belonging to 50families out of 81 participating families in Nam Dan test - Nghe An.
b) Determination of wood density: by water displacement method (Olesen
1971)
c) Method for determining the elastic modulus: measured indirectly
through Fakopp instrument in East, West, South and North directions.Determination of the speed of sound was performed using a FAKOPPMicrosecond Timer (in µs) (Ross et al., 1999)
d) Method of determining wood shrinkage:
Wood shrinkage was determined on wood samples collected by 12
mm increment cores Determination method based on TCVN 8048-13 onWood - Mechanical test methods - Part 13: Determination of shrinkage inradial and tangential directions and TCVN 8048-14 on Wood - Mechanicaltest methods - Part 14: Determination of volume shrinkage
e) Method of determining spiral grain
height position using an instrument developed by Chalmers TechnicalUniversity in Switzerland (Hannrup et al., 2003)
Figure 1 Chalmer equipment (left) and determination of spiral grain on
standing trees (right)
f) Method for determining the microfiber angle
The microfiber angle was determined on wood samples collected by
12 mm increment cores after completing experiments to determine densityand shrinkage Microfiber angle can only be observed for a short time
Trang 14(about 20-30 minutes) Pictures were taken by the Pax-Cam digital camerasystem that connected to a computer and measured microfiber angle byPax-it software.
Figure 2 Wood sample preparation (left); wood sample on glass slide
(middle); measure microfiber angles (right)
2.3.3 Superior family selection method in tests
Selection of superior families was performed by tandem selection.Superior families must meet the provisions of TCVN 8754:2017 on Forestvarieties - Newly recognized varieties
2.3.4 Data analysis methodology
Data were analysed by software of breeding statistical analysis,including Dataplus 3.0, Genstat 12.0 (CSIRO) and ASReml 4.0 (VSNInternational)
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Variations in growth, stem quality and wood properties between provenances and families in the 2nd generation progeny tests.
3.1.1 Variance between provenances
a) Growth and stem variance between provenances
Among the provenances of A crassicarpa in Nam Dan test, there
was clear differences in growth and stem quality (F.pro <0.001) at both theage of 7 and 12 New provenance are Cape Melville, Merluna and Luncidafrom QLD that performed promising growth with an mean annual