Factors effecting tourism industry àn its infact on global economy of the world

There are so many problems which affect to this industry negatively while few are mentioned here for explanation: Terrorism decrease the number of tourist in the world; Visa problems and

Factors Affecting Tourism Industry and Its Impacts on Global Economy of the World

home and through this methodology which was applied by China will be escaped from this virus pandemics

So tourism is link with every sector of the economy More money is earned by governments in the world The people enjoy the time very well while they were charged by government which increase the revenue of the government and generate new employment in the countries of the world which improve socioeconomic condition of the world community and give prosperity to them There are so many problems which affect to this industry negatively while few are mentioned here for explanation: Terrorism decrease the number of tourist in the world; Visa problems and flight problems also decrease the number of tourist in the world; Bad transportation also affect the tourism industry negatively; Hotel and transportation high fare also decrease the number of tourist in the world; Bad attitude of the country also affect the tourism industry negatively in the world On the basis of problems the study recommend that to provide tight security to tourism spot in the world; Decrease fare of the hotel and transportation in the world; Easy Visa and Transportation should be provided to tourist in the world; Clean food should be provided on the tourism spot to tourist in the world; Good and tight quarantine should be provided at the entry and out point in the world; Tourist should be behaved in a good manner and never used abused words to them; Always give honor to tourist in the world

on the tourism spot Good and honest staff should be appointed in the tourism industry for running the system By all world government good policy should be prepared for tourism enhancement

Key Words:- Factors, Tourism Industry, Impacts, Global Economy of the World

1 INTRODUCTION

Tourism is the process where people from one place to another go for enjoyment and spend the time It play great role for the development of a country Through tourism demand of different commodities increasing and different cultures of the world are homogenized in one culture On one side development occurred but on the other side different diseases are transferred from one country to another in the world In real sense the tourism industry is link with every sector of the economy in the world which positively and negatively affects the GDP of the country Through tourism industry many employments were generated which play great role in poverty reduction and socioeconomic improvement of the world Tourism improves the trade of the country and also boosts the industrial sector of the world There are so many factors which attract the visitors to their country which push the tourism industry in the world Among these factors natural beautification and historical places play great role in tourism industry development Similarly security and peace also play great role in this sector development Recently tourism was highly damaged by militancy in Pakistan in 2008 and

2009 Due to terror the foreigner never entered to Pakistan because every time people were killed by

militant and they have spread terror everywhere in the country Such type panics were also present in Afghanistan and Sirilanka So tourism industry need complete peace and without peace tourism industry development is impossible Every country of the world try to develop tourism for economic improvement of the country Recently corona virus has created great problem for tourism development All world countries have imposed emergency and no one is allow to go to another country due to corona virus spreading They have sealed their boundaries and also people have lock down at their home and no one cannot come out from their home because of this presently tourism industry has totally damaged the global economy Tourism multiplies the vision of the people because they carried new idea to other countries of the world which play great role in the development of a country Tourism mostly improves socioeconomic condition of the rural people For natural scene the tourist come while they purchase different commodities of that area on high price and through this way their area cottage industries have been developed and the people earn more money through tourism So tourism on one side improves socioeconomic condition of the world while on the other side their privacy have been leaked which is transferred to other countries of the world Similarly one country disease spread from one country to the whole world such like corona virus which was spread from Wuhan China to the whole world countries which have now crashed the global economy and no world economy has been escaped from corona virus China has huge business and it is connected to the whole world business trade Now by this virus all sectors have been closed for solution of this problem Similarly the oil price goes down in the world and now other cracked down possibility is also possible So tourism gives benefit to the world community while sometime create panic in the world and crash the world economy Seeing to its importance the present study was arranged to examine the factors which affect the tourism industry in the world and to know its impact on the global economy of the world

2 METHODS AND MATERIAL

The universe of the study is the whole world Total 18 articles were downloaded from the net and read many times in depth and analyzed the situation what factors affect the tourism industry in the world and how tourism industry affect the global economy negatively and positively in the world The major variables which affect the tourism are as Peace, Natural Beautification, Transportation facilities, Hospitality, Good attitude, Historical places etc

3 LITERATURE OF THE PAST ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY

 Ohlan (2017) analyzed that tourism and economic growth has great relationship in short and in long run, So tourism play great role in the development of a country It is necessary for government to

promote tourism and provide favorable environment to tourism because it play great role in employment generation in the country Tourism further improve socioeconomic condition of the country

 Kreag (2001) explained that tourism growth increase the interest of the community which further increase tourism value in the country.Successful tourism industry create economic activities in the country which further push the income level of the country and give prosperity to the nation because

it generate employment in the country It is a goose which not only lays a golden egg, but also fouls

in its own nest (Hawkins, 1982) http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism/pdfs/ImpactsTourism.pdf

 Adrain (2017) told that tourism has close relationship with other branches of economy because tourism increase the demand of the commodities through foreigner population which further push the industrial development in the country and solve the problems of the employment So tourism industries not only develop the other industries but also spread their goods in the world and increase the demand of these good Through this way not only industries are multiplied in the country while culture homogenization also occurred in the world One culture diffused in the other cultures which sometime also give loss to the communities So tourism on one side improve the socioeconomic condition while on other side create social changes in the communities may be positive or negative

 Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of tourism at national, state, and local levels One regularly hears claims that tourism supports X jobs in an area or that a festival or special event generated Y million dollars in sales or income in a community

“Multiplier effects” are often cited to capture secondary effects of tourism spending and show the wide range of sectors in a community that may benefit from tourism Tourism’s economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons Claims of tourism’s economic significance give the industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favorable to tourism Community support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community Tourism businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents

of the local community Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the region in one way or another Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a region’s economy Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred

by tourism businesses, government costs for infrastructure to better serve tourists, as well as

congestion and related costs borne by individuals in the community Community decisions over tourism often involve debates between industry proponents touting tourism’s economic impacts (benefits) and detractors emphasizing tourism’s costs Sound decisions rest on a balanced and objective assessment of both benefits and costs and an understanding of who benefits from tourism and who pays for it Tourism’s economic impacts are therefore an important consideration in state, regional and community planning and economic development Economic impacts are also important factors in marketing and management decisions Communities therefore need to understand the relative importance of tourism to their region, including tourism’s contribution to economic activity

in the area A variety of methods, ranging from pure guesswork to complex mathematical models, are used to estimate tourism’s economic impacts Studies vary extensively in quality and accuracy, as well as which aspects of tourism are included Technical reports often are filled with economic terms and methods that non-economists do not understand On the other hand, media coverage of these studies tend to oversimplify and frequently misinterpret the results, leaving decision makers and the general public with a sometimes distorted and incomplete understanding of tourism’s economic effects How can the average person understand these studies sufficiently to separate good studies from bad ones and make informed choices? The purpose of this bulletin is to present a systematic introduction to economic impact concepts and methods The presentation is written for tourism industry analysts and public officials, who would like to better understand, evaluate, or possibly conduct an economic impact assessment The bulletin is organized around ten basic questions that either are asked or should be asked about the economic impacts of tourism This report is an analysis

of the effects of the global economic crisis on the employment of poor and vulnerable groups in the tourism sector The 2008–2009 global economic crisis has severely impacted on international tourism, causing a decline of 4% in international tourist arrivals and a decrease of international tourism revenues by 6% in 2009 Since tourism has become a major economic engine at a global level, this deterioration had important impacts on various countries, and in particular in developing countries, where the sector has become an increasingly relevant source of income and employment During the last two decades, international tourism has been of rising importance particularly among lower income countries, where tourism exports have become a growing source of external income compared to other exporting sectors According to UNWTO data, tourism accounted for 45% of the exports of services of least developed countries (LDCs) in 2009 In the same year, emerging economies received 410 million international tourist arrivals, a 47% share of the global volume, and US$ 306 billion in international tourism receipts equaling 36% of the global volume Growing international tourism receipts have strongly contributed to the global growth of GDP per capita

Tourism’s economic development potential is advocated for its foreign exchange earnings, government revenues, as well as the incorporation of local suppliers Furthermore, due to its labour intensive nature, tourism offers employment and income opportunities, both directly and indirectly, for poor and vulnerable groups such as youth, women, low-skilled and low-wage workers and migrant workers In consequence, tourism has been recognized as a main lever for poverty alleviation and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Based on these preconditions, the study at hand investigates how the decrease in tourism demand in 2009 resulting from the global economic crisis impacted on employment, income opportunities and the livelihood of poor and vulnerable groups, as well as on the capacity of households to cope with such shocks This evaluation allows an insight into the ramifications of the crisis for the everyday life of people Reflecting the basic objective of the RIVAF programme, the present study combines a comparative large-N macro-economic analysis with three country case studies on the Maldives, Costa Rica and Tanzania The purpose of the country case studies is to gain insights into the impact of the global crisis on employment levels/opportunities and household incomes of low- and unskilled tourism employees The macro-economic analysis reveals that international tourism within advanced economies has been much more affected than in emerging economies Growth of international tourist arrivals turned negative during 2009 across the globe with the exception of low income countries Apart from Africa, where growth rates remained on a positive level, all regions experienced a negative growth of international tourist arrivals in 2009 Countries with strong links to the European and North American source markets were the most negatively affected Countries with more diversified source market basis have been comparatively less affected by the decrease in international tourism during the global economic crisis In terms of tourism segments, business travel suffered the most Compared to other economic sectors, employment in hotels and restaurants was less impacted by the global economic crisis On average, growth of employment in the first quarters of 2009 was still positive, Negative growth of employment in hotels and restaurants has been observed only among advanced economies, and by region in Europe and the Americas The most common policy responses to the crisis across regions and income groups have been marketing, public/private partnerships and a combination of fiscal and monetary measures Policy measures in the field of marketing and promotional efforts directed at European and North American source markets have been the most effective short-term instrument for coping with the negative effects of the global economic crisis on international tourism While specific policy measures aimed at poor and vulnerable groups within the tourism sector have rarely been implemented during the recent economic crisis, a number of policy actions targeting international tourism demand hint at indirect effects on these social groups Long term policies

intended to further improve destinations’ global competitiveness, as well as to make the sector more resilient to shocks are the most promising instruments for absorbing the potential negative effects of similar crises in the future The three case studies demonstrate that the crisis had a particularly negative impact on poor and vulnerable groups The case studies Findings from the case studies carried out in Costa Rica, the Maldives and Tanzania reveal that the decrease in visitor numbers as a result of the global economic crisis had different impacts Each of the countries had to cope with a decrease of international tourist arrivals in 2009, ranging from 4% for the Maldives to 5% for Tanzania and 9% for Costa Rica The decrease in tourism receipts was even higher (8% for the Maldives, 9% for Tanzania and 10% for Costa Rica), as arrivals, especially from high spending source markets dropped (e.g United States of America and United Kingdom), and tourists tended to

be more cost conscious and spend less time in the country The impact of such declines on the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable groups, as well as the mitigation measure adopted also varied by country: In Costa Rica, the majority of large chain hotels and domestic tour operators promptly reacted by implementing a number of crisis-mitigating measures in order to reduce fixed costs, including layoffs, reduced working hours and the enforcement of unpaid leave for two to three months Social insurance data show that 3% of the employees working in hotels and restaurants in Costa Rica lost their jobs in 2009 and the overall tourism related work force declined by around 4.5% (over 5,000 jobs) In addition, the remaining employees saw their purchasing power reduced by an estimated 12% due to increased prices Women and low-skilled workers were comparatively more exposed to the negative effects of the crisis than qualified personnel and male employees The ability

of vulnerable groups to cope with the crisis was quite limited Savings, support from neighbors and the establishment of micro and small businesses helped to face the difficult times, since most of the low-skilled people had problems finding a new job during the economic downturn The decline in tourism demand and spending in the Maldives forced operators in the accommodation industry to adopt cost-reduction strategies which significantly impacted on the labour market Research showed that 1,477 foreign employees (44% of the foreign workforce in hotels and resorts), most of them low-skilled workers from Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka or the Philippines, lost their jobs during the crisis Furthermore, an estimated 10% of the domestic labour force in hotels and resorts (1,200 employees) was made redundant In addition, reduced tourists’ spending resulted in a significant decrease in the service charge, which is an important part of the income for low-skilled workers, causing income losses of about 20 to 30% for approximately 7,000 Maldivian tourism employees with low-skilled positions Their purchasing power further diminished due to an inflation of 17% between 2008 and

2009 With an average household size of 6 to 7 persons, research estimates that approximately 19%

of the Maldivian population, and most of them belonging to poor and vulnerable groups, got affected through job losses or income decreases in the tourism sector, resulting in a significant reduction in purchasing power The case study in Tanzania focused on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Northern Safari Circuit Research showed that tour operation in these areas was less affected by the crisis Numbers declined by 2% in Kilimanjaro and by 9% in the Northern Safari Circuit, most operators and hotels managed to increase package prices and room rates throughout the crisis Job losses have been more relevant for skilled and managerial workers, yet there has still been a significant negative impact on unskilled labour, especially seasonal workers This decline is most likely due to the increase in the minimum wages in January 2008, and many employers might have used the crisis as

an excuse to reduce the number of unskilled workers and alter permanent contracts into short-term or seasonal contracts One group that saw their annual incomes significantly decline between 2008 and

2010 were the Kilimanjaro porters Attracted by the higher salaries per expedition and limited job opportunities in other sectors, the number of porters rose from 12,204 in 2008 to 20,590 in 2010 Together with a lower number of porters hired per expedition this resulted in a sharp decline in the number of trips made per porter and their annual income decreased by 50% The final group to have been impacted by the crisis was the small stall owners and workers, a group of approximately 28,000 people, which showed a decrease in revenue of around 25% throughout the crisis Crisis mitigation measures The report’s overall recommendations deal with the public policy and business measures undertaken to mitigate the impacts of the crisis Possible crisis mitigating measures are distinguished with regard to emphasizing: The need to advance the generation of tourism and employment data and indicators, in particular short term data, in order to achieve a more effective crisis monitoring This implies the expansion of basic tourism statistics at national level, the development of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) and, in particular, the creation of short term indicators of tourism performance and employment to serve as early warning indicators These could be derived from sources such as credit card records or tourism booking trends (airlines, hotels) Such indicators could inform governments on the performance of the sector and provide useful information to develop adequate and timely policy responses In sum, particular attention should be given to: a) early warning systems; b) short-term performance indicators of tourism’s industries’ turn-over and employment derived from administrative, fiscal or social security records; and c) business cycle indicators derived from business confidence surveys Thereby, the study reveals that the system of tourism and employment statistics needs to be accelerated in order to achieve more effective crisis monitoring The introduction of Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) and a more complete and credible System of Tourism Statistics (STS) are crucial steps in this regard Measures to improve the

resilience of the tourism sector and accelerate the recovery from decreases in tourism demand are essential to minimize pressure on tourism related labour markets Increased marketing activities, combined with efforts to diversify market segments, including the development of the domestic market, would help strengthen the sector Infrastructural improvements, easing of visa regulations and reducing bottlenecks for air access can also help facilitate tourism growth and recovery Measures to improve the resilience of the sector should be based on active communication, consultation and collaboration between the public, private sector and local communities Specific measures should be taken to mitigate the impact of potential crises on poor and vulnerable groups living from the tourism sector Options to be further studied include granting tourism companies additional liquidity to outbalance a crisis-induced decrease of revenues in the short term and link credit conditions employee retention schemes As tourism SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises) provide a large number of jobs to poor and vulnerable groups, they should be given priority access to economic recovery schemes offered by governments during crises situations In times of crisis, extra emphasis can be given to training, in particular for youth, women Copyright ©

2013, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) UNWTO, 28 May 2013, for International Labour Organization, for internal use, only and lower-skilled workers, as they generally have a higher risk to become unemployed In order to minimize shocks on low-income households, governments can also pay particular attention to promoting equal distribution of tourism revenue, e.g from national parks, to improving working conditions of unskilled and low-skilled employees, and to exploring possibilities to introduce and improve social insurance schemes Furthermore, communication between public and private sector should be improved in order to advance crisis monitoring and coordinate crisis reaction plans Measures that impact indirectly on the tourism labour markets by improving the overall crisis resilience of the tourism sector and by accelerating recovery from decreases in tourism demand are also strongly encouraged Specifically, measures intended to diversify the generating markets and segments appear

to be a promising means to reduce risks Increasing marketing efforts, strengthening public and private sector partnerships, implementing the measures advocated by UNWTO Roadmap for Recovery, including the protection and support of SMEs, infrastructural development, travel facilitation including easing of visa regulations, reducing bottlenecks on air access and increasing promotion of domestic tourism can help stabilize and enhance future tourism demand Finally, on the implementation of measures intended to directly impact on poor and vulnerable groups the report focuses on issues such as the evaluation of tourism related taxes, as well as ways to facilitate the granting of loans as tools to further release pressure on the sector and mitigate crisis impacts on the

levels of employment Additional education and vocational training programmes, especially for the youth and women, and the implementation of social insurance schemes are identified as ways that would likely increase the capacities and assets of poor and vulnerable groups to cope with external shocks, thus substantially reducing their vulnerability to poverty In this context, the Tanzanian case study revealed that increased development and promotional activity for pro-poor tourism products may significantly help poor and vulnerable groups to overcome crisis

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ -ed_dialogue/ -sector/documents/publication/wcms_214576.pdf

 Irish et al (2014) documented the effects of global trends at the level of macro-environment, the trends that affect further structural changes in the tourist demand market are the following: Demographic changes and related trends are apparent through the specific tourist movements according to the criteria of direction, intensity, and frequency of visits to a destination throughout the year, hence the need for innovative tourist products by the criteria of program, i.e services and prices Since mass market is individualized, all service providers will have to offer specific and acceptable program for market groups Within these groups, i.e sub-segments of market niches, consumers will show similar preferences and a tendency for specific and homogenous behavior while requiring a certain level of product quality To track changes in the natural environment the following procedures for monitoring development indicators should be implemented in the analysis: monitor correlation between variables of eco awareness and urban planning, monitor the level of exploited natural resources per unit of GDP with the possibility to use alternative, substitute resources and energy-generating products, which directly boosts innovations The mass concentration of tourists in certain areas in the time-determined, short periods throughout the year results in the excessive use of space which challenges its development continuity The concept of sustainable development becomes

an integral part of strategic planning in tourism Marketing activities in a destination must incorporate specific spatial features as they are a prerequisite to competitiveness of a destination and they foster efficient placement Along with the continuity of sustainable development, the issues that should be taken into account are rational use of resources, their optimal combining, harmonization of space according to the appeal and acceptability of ambiance, active implementation of land management policies, and environmental preservation Cultural changes leave trace at the level of confronting global cultural identity and specific interest of potential consumers In the tourist market there is a visible shift in preferences from standard products based on genuine natural elements in the destination (sea, sand, sun) to specific tourist products, with additional efforts invested in activities that are concentrated around anthropogenic factors in the destination European Scientific Journal

August 2014 /SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 118 Political changes and disasters caused by human factors result in uncertainty which makes a destination less appealing to potential tourists Studies show that safety represents one of key factors by which tourists choose a destination Bearing in mind that today’s companies operate in the circumstances of the so-called global competitiveness, still it is impossible to define a global tourist product due to different demographic features of tourists, fluctuation in the number of trips throughout the year, different levels of experiences gained during the trip, and uneven quality of provided services that partially contribute to the overall competitiveness of a destination Globalization is largely possible owing to technological changes ICT is a catalyst of changes in the environment and has a strong impact on tourist movements ICT contributes to spatial , temporal convergence Innovative approach and new business techniques implemented by entities in tourism particularly come to the fore in the creation, distribution, and information on tourist products.

 Bird and Thomlinson (2012) reported that globalization can be defined in several ways One broad

definition is:“A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections.”Globalization can also be simply described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world The term was first used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies around the world Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of evolving trade routes, including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration Today, we are divided into separate countries, each looking out for its own national self-interest At the same time, other entities such as multinational corporations cross borders, which leads to global economic and political integration Many benefits can result from global integration and interdependence, but we also need

to heed its negative effects We shall explore the topic of globalization and how it relates to tourism, and then examines trends that have arisen as a result We can assess the impact of globalization on tourism from a number of perspectives Here, we will discuss five examples: global mobility and ease

of travel; population and demographic trends; terrorism, safety, and security; increased awareness of new destinations; and poverty The advances made in transportation that have enabled global mobility are particularly significant Modern aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of transport allow people to move quickly and relatively cheaply Aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dream liner have opened new routes by creating an aircraft capable of flying “long haul” distances with a larger passenger load Fast trains, road systems, and even city bike rental programs enable people to move, tour, and explore the world These changes have allowed more people to travel more often in less time Ease of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fear, frustration, and

expense For example, an international banking system allows access to money almost anywhere in the world Multinational corporations, which provide flights, local transportation, and accommodation and food, have allowed for “one-stop shopping” for travel bookings Handheld devices have also changed the nature of travel in terms of what travelers do and how they interact with a destination, making it easier to, for example, select a restaurant, navigate a big city, or translate a foreign language As a result, there are fewer unexplored places in the world anymore According to the United Nations Population Fund (2015), the world population reached 7 billion in

2011 and is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050 The population continues to increase, but not uniformly across the world Birth and death rates are vastly different between developed and developing nations (Population Reference Bureau, 2013) In the developed world, there are more older citizens (over 60 years old) than there are children (under 14) This ratio, which first tilted

in favour of older people in the late 1990s, is increasing (Business Insider, 2014) In contrast, in the

developing world, this is not expected to occur until the middle of this century This demographic divide is expected to widen between the richer and poorer countries of the world in the near future before possibly trending together in 40 or 50 years Other critical population trends affecting global development and tourism include the following (UNPF, 2015; World Tourism Organization, 2010; York, 2014): There are approximately 1.8 billion young people in the world (between 10 and 24 years), which is the largest that this group has ever been They have tremendous opportunity for economic and social progress, resulting in a “youth dividend” for countries that embrace this demographic and their youthful vitality This group is also travelling more than ever before in history

By the end of this century, approximately 40% of the world’s population is expected to be African While birth rates are tending to fall around the world, they are still higher across Africa than in most other parts of the globe This could result in a youth dividend or further exacerbate problems on the African continent More people are migrating than ever before, with 232 million recent migrants compared with about 175 million in 2000 The top five destinations are the United States, the Russian Federation, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates More than half of the global population is urban, and the urbanization trend is expected to continue as people search for more jobs, more services, and more activities Not everyone benefits equally though, as housing and other infrastructure struggles to keep up with the growing urban population To keep up with all of these changes in demographics, destinations will need to provide products and services to suit the older, culturally diverse, multi-generational travelers as well as the adventurous youth Additionally, hiring and retaining staff will require a rethinking of human resource policies and procedures, compensation, and other aspects for the changing population of employees Terrorist attacks and

political unrest globally have certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted it The areas most affected,

of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of extensive media attention A global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization shows a fivefold increase in terrorist fatalities since 9/11 (MacAskill, 2014) The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaida are groups responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which represented an increase of 60% over the previous year While safety and security may not be the driving reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security often eliminates a location from travelers’ “wish lists.”Safety and security for travelers is becoming more important as countries move to protect their citizens Government agencies around the world produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and political unrest Travel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific countries to avoid particular destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens The focus on safety and security has had several impacts on travelers Most notably, security at most airports has been increased in an effort to protect people and planes (Flight Global, 2015) Screening procedures can take longer and some items are no longer allowed on board Other security requirements, such as showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been implemented for entry into some countries While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism industry is attempting to provide as much safety and security as it can Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the world Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key first step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by way of travel shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication The competition to attract visitors is fierce considering the sheer number of places available for travel; it can be easy to get lost in the noise of global competition Globalization has contributed to increased demand for goods and services and overall economic growth, with the result of global poverty having decreased over the years However, at the same time, the gap between the richest and poorest has expanded A significant portion of the world’s population is simply unable to participate in, or benefit from, tourism The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing country such as Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada is unequal Simply put, not everyone has the same opportunities to profit Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in the world, with poor countries lacking the resources to adapt to impacts (such as droughts, increased disease, soil erosion), and shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such as global warming Another way to analyze the interplay between tourism and globalization is to consider the reverse view: the impact of tourism on globalization In this section, we will look at tourism as a global force

for peace, for cultural homogenization, for co modifying cultures, and for shaping the way we see the world In the 1980s, a popular hypothesis was that tourism supported global peace by allowing travelers to learn about other cultures and meet people from other nations, as well as offering benefits accrued from international business Peace is an obvious requirement for tourism if the industry is to

be robust and sustainable However, to date, there is little empirical evidence to support the claim that tourism fosters peace, however attractive as the idea may be Nevertheless, tourism does offer the opportunity to teach people about how to respect other cultures Some argue that globalization has

a homogenizing effect on cultures, as Western values are spread through music, fashion, film, and

food, rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next Some beliefs and values, such as embracing equality and diversity, or the need to protect children from harm, should be shared around the world In the context of tourism and travel, these two issues are significant For instance, companies need to ensure that their human resource practices are consistent and fair throughout the world Exploiting children for sex is illegal, punishable in both the country visited and the home country of the tourist; some airlines and hotels are actively involved in supporting the prohibition of child sex tourism Travelers are expected not to deface heritage sites or take rare or endangered natural or cultural objects as souvenirs Such regulations speak to the universality of certain values and beliefs, which we all are required to follow as global citizens Another possible influence of

tourism on globalization is the process of cultural commoditization, which refers to the drive toward

putting a monetary value on every aspect of culture, from buying a sculpture stolen from an ancient temple, to buying endangered objects such as ivory and coral This trend results in the degradation or devaluing of cultural values and beliefs As one of the world’s largest industries, tourism impacts local, regional, and global economies Resorts dot coastlines around the world and offer a welcome respite from colder climates to anyone wishing to experience a tropical beach, as well as the local culture and nature While benefit comes to the community in the form of jobs, more often than not the larger share of the wealth leaks offshore In response, local entrepreneurs and aid organizations have helped with initiatives that embrace local ownership in order for the wealth generated from

tourism to stay in country Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and social

entrepreneurship all aim to bring greater benefit to local communities Tourism is also a major influence in how we see and understand the world Keith Hollingshead (2006) refers to it as tourism world-making, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists Unlike local people, travelers experience a place for a few days, with limited knowledge of the culture and local way of life Some visitors rely on available tourist information to make the most of the experience and to see the highlights Others turn away and attempt to “go local” in search of the

authentic experience with the belief that they can truly understand a place by avoiding the tourist sites If tourists stay in their resort in a given country, their only interaction with a local culture may

be the staff at the hotel In many cases, visitors experience a place in a fragmented, disconnected way, seeing only a portion of a place How much can be gained from such short and transient experiences? This debate leads to one of the often discussed, if not hotly debated, topics in tourism, that

of authenticity of experience In 1976, Dean MacCannell released his book The Tourist: A New

Theory of the Leisure Class, in which he argued that even those events that seem to be authentic are

in some way staged for the visitor (Drumond, 2013) In 1988, Dean O’Rourke shot a documentary profiling the experiences of jet-set travelers as they encountered locals in Papua New Guinea The movie highlights the challenges that happen when visitors meet with “the other,” in that their expectations shape the behaviors of the locals The movie features interviews with the locals as well

as tourists The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced irrefutable evidence that climate change is human-made We are already witnessing significant shifts in weather patterns, and climatic events such as tornadoes, drought, and flooding are occurring with greater frequency and impact Yet dependence on a global economy fuelled by population growth and ever-increasing demand for consumer goods has led to significant debate as to how to respond to climate change, although action is clearly required From a tourism and travel perspective, we have seen examples of how climate change is impacting tourism In the transportation sector, drastic temperature changes from sudden ice thaws to heat wave conditions affect highways and runways, landslides close road systems, and rising sea levels threaten infrastructure such as airports and cruise ship wharves In the accommodations sector, coastal storms impact resorts, summer water shortages put pressure on resort communities, and unpredictable snowfalls close ski resorts Food and beverage operators are facing increased food costs as drought conditions make growing certain crops more and more expensive In the recreation and entertainment sector, both natural and built attractions are threatened by unpredictable weather patterns And travel services providers struggle to stay abreast of the effects of super storms and polar vortexes The question here is the extent to which we can globally respond to these impacts by adapting and mitigating climate change to foster more resilient forms of economic growth, of which tourism is a part Does this mean less air travel? Possibly The challenge for tourism is that our economic interdependence requires far-reaching transportation routes, be it by air, sea, or land Like most other industrial sectors, tourism is affected

by global economic trends Tourism was initially negatively impacted after the global financial crisis

of 2007-2008, with international tourism arrivals dropping globally However, the industry was quick to rebound, with the number of travelers increasing by 2010, surpassing the 1 billion mark in

2012 (UNWTO, 2014) Economic uncertainties for the tourism industry have persisted, however, leading many industry insiders to monitor several economic trends, including collaborative consumption, shifts in emerging economies, and conscious consumerism Although the phenomenon

of collaborative consumption, also known as the sharing economy, began before the global financial

crisis, it gained strength as a result of it Collaborative consumption is a blend of economy, technology, and a social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than ownership Airbnb was one of the first, and arguably most well known, examples of the tourism sharing marketplace, but several other companies have joined it, including Zipcar, Uber, and Couch surfing According to Nielsen, more than two-thirds of global respondents to a poll are interested in joining this revolution The impacts on the tourism industry are still to be determined, although young travelers, budget-conscious families, and tourists seeking authentic local experiences seem to be drawn to these services This is one trend that is likely to persist for some time into the future In

2001, a new acronym was introduced into the economic world — BRIC This refers to the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Northam, 2014) These turbo-charged emerging economies were growing fast and looking to be the new powerhouses in global economic circles, even forming political and economic alliances South Africa joined the group in 2010 and they became known as the BRICS With this growth came travelers looking for new destinations to visit Outbound tourism development from China has been especially energetic, with numbers increasing from 58 million in 2010 to almost 100 million in 2013 (Flannery, 2014) But all has not gone well for these emerging economies and only China has maintained the pace of expansion Other

countries have since joined the race, creating another new acronym — MINTS — for the countries of

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea Time will tell where new tourism growth and opportunities arise in the frenetic global economy, and who will be the next powerhouse to watch

Conscious consumerism, or socially conscious consumer behavior, is another economic trend with

implications for the tourism industry This term refers to consumers who are using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs, leading organizations to project a more ethical or responsible image This socially and environmentally responsible purchasing by many consumers (Freestone & McGoldrick, 2008) can direct travelers to more sustainable services and products Destinations and businesses interested in pursuing this market need to be acutely aware

of social and environmental issues, potentially ranging from organic produce and animal welfare to human rights (Shaw, Grehan, Shiu, Hassan, & Thomson, 2005) Some of the key principles for consideration by the tourism industry include an assumption that the traditional industrial model is not working and needs to be replaced, that awareness of the issues require a different mindset, and