CD a study on the translation of english psychological terminologies into vietnamese in psychological column articles on zeally online magazine

a study on the translation of English psychological terminologies into Vietnamese in psychological column articles on Zeally online magazine of students at National Economics University. this is an appropriate study assessed by an experienced lecturer at National Economics University with a high total finally mark

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

DANG VAN MANH

A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGIES INTO VIETNAMESE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL COLUMN ARTICLES ON ZEALLY ONLINE MAGAZINE

First and foremost, I would like to express my great gratitude to my cherishedteacher, Mrs Pham Thi Huong Giang, who enthusiastically supported me alongthe way of accomplishing this research It would be a really hard mission withouther advice, suggestion and many valuable materials related to the research

I also thank National Economics University for helping me out with a goodplace to study many interesting things Especially, it gives me a chance to access

a huge number of precious resources in its library, which not only help me dothis research but also broaden my understanding in many other fields

I thank many of my friends with huge gratitude, because they faithfully helped

me answer questions, provided me with useful information to complete thisresearch

I have also had the fortune to interact with spectacular psychological articlesand many fascinating scientific materials on Zeally online magazine, which istotally free to anyone, and a number of its precious content have largelycontributed to this research

And finally, I thank my parents, who raised me up and always help me outunconditionally

Psychological terminologies from 30 translated Vietnamese articles and 30respective original articles in English were analyzed and categorized based onproven methods, which are discussed in the theoretical framework (chapter 2).Afterwards, the results were demonstrated by bar charts that revealed manyinteresting discoveries about the nature of terminology in psychological articlesand translator’s suitable usage tendency when applying different translationmethods to each domain of psychological terminologies Analysis of the dataalso revealed each terminology translation method requires differentcharacteristics and features corresponding to each type of terminologies Somerecommendations are given out to help readers and translators overcomedifficulties in understanding psychological content in general and its terms inparticular Finally, further researchers can improve their studies in the future bytaking advantage of this research result, avoiding mistakes and limitations of theresearch, and applying appropriate suggestions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1

1.2 Purposes of the research 2

1.3 Scope of the research 2

1.4 Research questions 3

1.5 Methodology 3

1.5.1 Research procedures 3

1.5.2 Data collection instrument 3

1.6 Design of research 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 5

2.1 The theory of translation 5

2.1.1 The definition of translation 5

2.1.2 Importance of translation 6

2.1.3 Terminology translation strategies 7

2.2 Terminology and Psychological terminology 10

2.2.1 Definition of terminology 10

2.2.2 Characteristics of terminology and psychological terminology 11

2.2.3 Types of psychological terminology 12

2.3 Overview information about Zeally online magazine 13

CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 15

3.1 The use of psychological terminology in translation on Zeally 15

3.1.1 The frequency of psychological terminologies used in translated articles 15

3.1.2 Types of psychological terminologies in analyzed articles 16

3.2 Translation strategies applied to translate English psychological terminologies into Vietnamese on Zeally 17

3.3 Terminology translation strategies applied to translate different types of psychological terminologies on Zeally 20

3.3.1 Translation using loan words strategy 21

3.3.2 Through translation strategy 23

3.3.3 Transposition translation strategy 24

3.3.4 Equivalent translation strategy 26

3.3.5 Translation strategy by paraphrasing 27

3.4 Different types of psychological terminologies translated by using different terminology translation strategies on Zeally 28

3.4.1 Terminology translation strategies used for the Biological terminology 31

3.4.2 Terminology translation strategies used for the Cognitive terminology 32

3.4.3 Terminology translation strategies used for the Developmental terminology 33

3.4.4 Terminology translation strategies used for the Social and Personality Psychology terminology 34

3.4.5 Terminology translation strategies used for the Mental and Physical Health terminology 35

3.5 Feedbacks of readers on Vietnamese translated articles in the reviewed psychological articles on Zeally online magazine 35

CHAPTER IV RECOMMENDATIONS 37

4.1 Recommendation for psychological translation strategies 37

4.1.2 Applying suitable contexts 38

4.2 Recommendation for the pre-translation preparation 39

4.2.1 Accumulating knowledge 39

4.2.2 Overcoming culture difficulties 40

CONCLUSION 42

5.1 Summary of the study 42

5.2 The limitation of the study 43

5.3 Recommendation for further studies 43

REFERENCES i

APPENDIX iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 The frequency of psychological terminology in an article 15Figure 3.2 Types of psychological terminologies in analyzed articles by

proportion 16Figure 3.3 Psychological terminology translation strategies applied by translators 17Figure 3.4 Translation using loan words strategy applied to translate 5 types of psychological terminologies 21Figure 3.5 Through translation strategy applied to translate 5 types of

psychological terminologies 23Figure 3.6 Transposition translation strategy applied to translate 5 types of

psychological terminologies 24Figure 3.7 Equivalent translation strategy applied to translate 5 types of

psychological terminologies 26Figure 3.8 Translation strategy by paraphrasing strategy applied to translate 5 types of psychological terminologies 27Figure 3.9 Terminology translation strategies used for the Biological terminology 31Figure 3.10 Terminology translation strategies used for the Cognitive

terminology 32Figure 3.11 Terminology translation strategies used for the Developmental

terminology 33Figure 3.12 Terminology translation strategies used for the Social and

Personality Psychology terminology 34Figure 3.13 Terminology translation strategies used for the Mental and Physical Health terminology 35

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Five terminology translation strategies applied to translate different types of psychological terminologies 20Table 3.2 Five types of psychological terminologies translated by using different terminology translation strategies 30

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1 TL: Target language

2 SL: Source language

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background information of the study, the reason andmotivation to carry out this research Research questions, methodology and thedesign of the research are also involved

1.1 Rationale of the study

Learning psychology is an extremely effective way to discover what things areactually happening behind any thoughts or activities of human beings, whichhelps people understand themselves and those around them Psychologicalknowledge can even endow people an ability to rationally controlling, ignoring,and even overriding their innate instincts, which leads to a more peaceful andhappier life

Psychological terminologies play a crucial part in understanding any kinds ofpsychological materials They can shape imaginations about concept, nature andbehavior of mentioned objects or phenomena in readers’ reflection.Consequently, the role of translating these terms is essential for using,understanding, and working with psychological materials and terms themselves.Translating psychological terminologies from source languages into targetlanguages is a process that eventually enables the reader to virtually understandall the ideas of authors, or unintentionally alter the nature of mentioned concepts

of terminology Therefore, inappropriate translating perspectives of translatorsmay dangerously mislead readers and cause bad consequences

Moreover, professionally translating and using psychological terms intranslated versions is essential to prevent readers and researchers from beingconfused or disoriented by new and unfamiliar terms For that reason, this topic

is considered to be vital and necessary for students, translators, teachers, andeven researchers to understand the nature of translating English psychologicalterms into Vietnamese along with unique features of each translation strategy.The effort of this research is made to reduce challenges and obstacles whenusing, studying, translating, and working with these psychological terms

The research data is analyzed from psychological articles on Zeally onlinemagazine Zeally online magazine is one of the magazines that possess

interesting and exceptional characteristics to serve up the human thinkingprocess, which is specially made for Vietnamese people by providing themtranslated articles from English ones According to Zeally, after 1 year ofoperation, they published 105 translation and writing articles with an averagelength of 4,000 words per article, reaching 135,000 views, and more than 10,000views per month on average It is also appreciated by many people on socialmedia channels such as Spiderum and Facebook Up to now, there are more than

17 thousand people who liked and followed the Facebook page of Zeally Zeallyonline magazine brings English users or non-English users in Vietnam newscientifically reasoned and evidence-based knowledge via many updated,thoughtful, meticulous, and qualified articles in English, which are collected andthen translated into Vietnamese

To sum up, all of these above reasons lead to the choice of the research topic,which is “A study on the translation of English psychological terminologies intoVietnamese in psychological column articles on Zeally online magazine”

1.2 Purposes of the research

The research is conducted to discover the ways that each type of psychologicalterminology is translated According to the research result and findings, it alsofinds out the characteristics and features of each terminology translation strategyapplied to each type of psychological terminology

According to the findings, analysis on terminology translation in psychologicalarticles, along with comments on the quality of translated articles from readers’feedback, the research also suggests optimal propensities and suitable strategies

to translate different types of English psychological terminologies intoVietnamese Moreover, recommendations and suggestions also help students andtranslators to understand the terminological translation process and improve thequality of their works

1.3 Scope of the research

Research subjects:

 English and Vietnamese psychological terminologies

 Readers’ feedback.

 30 translated Vietnamese psychological articles and their English sources

The time of collecting and analyzing articles: 20/2/2021-5/3/2021.

Research scope: The psychological column on Zeally.net

1.4 Research questions

The research is carried out to answer these questions:

1 What needs to be aware when applying translation strategies to translateeach type of English psychological terminology into Vietnamese?

2 How are English psychological terminologies translated into Vietnamese

in the psychological articles?

3 What can be done to optimize the translation of English psychologicalterminologies into Vietnamese?

1.5 Methodology

1.5.1 Research procedures

Firstly, the researcher decided on a general topic with a suitable scope that hasenough samples and information The research is suitable to the capacity andpurposes of the researcher

Secondly, the researcher accomplished a proposal, an outline, and a theoreticalframework for the research

Thirdly, information and data were gathered via a process of studying andcomparing a source of 30 random English articles and their 30 Vietnamesetranslated versions on Zeally online magazine The analysis plan is conductedonly after enough amount of information is attained

Finally, analyzed data and numbers are used for designing tables and figures,writing the thesis and recommendations

1.5.2 Data collection instrument

To accomplish the research purposes and answer the research questions, theresearch is conducted by using qualitative and quantitative methods A datacollection activity involves collecting psychological articles from both Englishsources and Vietnamese translated articles on Zeally online magazine Datadrawn from the articles are described and analyzed to answer the researchquestions Besides, documents in the field of translation and psychologicalterminology of previous authors and researchers are used in this research in terms

of collecting data, forming a theoretical framework, assessing findings, andwriting analysis

1.6 Design of research

The research consists of 4 chapters:

Chapter 1: Introduction presents background information of the study, the

reason and motivation to carry out this research Research questions,methodology and the design of the research are also included

Chapter 2: Theoretical framework shows theoretical framework with

description, summary, and evaluation of other works within the research area Itshows fundamental knowledge, issues, and concepts to contribute toinvestigation and analysis

Chapter 3: Data analysis, findings, and discussions present an analysis of

collected data and information specifically to find answers to the researchquestions and accomplish the purposes of the research

Chapter 4: Recommendations provide some solutions to improve the process of

translating psychological terminologies Some possible suggestions are alsorecommended for further research

The Conclusion summarizes and presents the limitations of this study and

suggestions for further studies

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter is a collection of many reliable and prestigious studies, research, andknowledge of authors, which are related to translation and psychologicalterminology At the end of this chapter, the Zeally online magazine is introduced

as a valuable source of materials to carry out this research

2.1 The theory of translation

2.1.1 The definition of translation

The great invention of written languages has allowed humanity to spread andstore ideas for wider places and longer time, and the power of translation haseven made that internationally Researchers of the field of translation haveintroduced various definitions of translation based on their own knowledge andexperience The following viewpoints explicit the meaning of translation drawn

by their studies

According to J C Catford (1978), translation is an operation that is performed

on languages, a substituting process from a text in one language into a text inanother language The theory of translation is strongly related to the theory oflanguage, or a general linguistic theory

Larson (1998), translation is simply a change from one state to another; formore specific, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of thetarget language by way of semantic structures Translation also consists oftransferring the meaning of the source language into the target language, whichstudies the lexicon, grammar, the communicational and cultural context of thesource language text, analyzes that text to determine the meaning, and then usesthe lexicon and grammatical structure to reconstruct the same meaning which issuitable in the target language and its cultural situation

According to B Hatim and J Munday (2004), translation is considered as aphenomenon with huge effects on daily life that are both process and product It

is a process because the translator turns the original or source text into anotherlanguage or the target text The second sense focuses on the concrete translationproduct formed by the translator Furthermore, the authors mentioned machinetranslation is now no longer the domain of human translators, but a process and

product that combines the computing power and the computerized analysis oflanguage to investigate senses and find out suitable forms in the other languages Writing in 2015, S Warwal noted that “Translation is the comprehension of themeaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewisecalled a “translation” that communicates the same message in another language”.

He also explained that the text that is translated is the source text, the target text

is sometimes called as the product of the translating process, and the targetlanguage is the language that is translated into

These mentioned definitions of translation are not ultimate ones, but they reflectsome common aspects and characteristics of translation To sum up, basing onthe definition of J C Catford, translation is a process of transforming the sourcetext to the target text suitably and accurately

2.1.2 Importance of translation

Language is one of the strong kinds of power endowed to human beings, butthey have no capacity of knowing all languages on earth, and it takes time tomaster a language As a result, translation plays an indispensable role inspreading and maintaining ideas and information which helps to integrate thewhole world become more effective and faster The significance of translatinghas been clarified by studies of many researchers

According to G Belmar (2017), translation has dignified languages longsubjugated throughout history, and it has played an essential role in mergingmarginal communities together With translation, a literary language is beingbuilt, new paths are being opened to different attitudes, always with accuracy, asplurality cannot be established on any other things

The following points of R Morel (2019) are used in this research to summarizethe significance of translation as demand for clear and efficient communicationamong languages and cultures in the multicultural and multilingual world.Companies and businesses can be held back when solely operating in English, sothe translation is for everyone Moreover, people prefer their native languages,because they respond better when using native languages, consequently,translation allows people to communicate more efficiently and enables the global

economy The translation is a necessary medium by which new information andideas are spread, knowledge is expanded across the world

M Cabral (2020) asserts, the role of translation is important, clearly when itcomes to spreading ideas, building relationship; and delivering informationworldwide Due to the fact that countries do not speak the same language, there is

a linguistic barrier, and translation would break that barrier and fuels the globaleconomy

2.1.3 Terminology translation strategies

The Star, a Translation Services argued that “Terminology is the fundamentalbuilding block for all translation It is the word, phrases and technical terms used

to define things and create sentences Since translation began as a profession,technical translators have developed word lists for translation purposes.”.Terminology plays a crucial role in the realization of contexts and specializedtexts In the form of words, phrases, and technical terms, terminology helpsreaders to comprehend the main message of the document from both the originallanguage and the target language Therefore, the stronger the translation ofterminology, the more effectively it indicates the message of the text M Baker(1992) introduced 7 strategies used by professional translators to translateterminologies They are (1) Translation by more general word, (2) Translation by

a more neutral/less expressive word, (3) Translation by cultural substitution, (4)Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, (5) Translation byparaphrasing unrelated words, (6) Translation by omission, and (7) Translation

by illustration

After reviewing, analyzing, and comparing theories in 2013, M.A Owjiindicated the basic translation strategies of Chesterman: (1) Literal translation,(2) Loan translation, (3) Transposition, (4) Unit shift, (5) Paraphrase structurechange, (6) Clause structure change, (7) Sentence structure change, (8) Cohesionchange, (9) Level shift, and (10) Scheme change

Nguyen Thi Hong Vi (2014), terminologies have been introduced into Vietnamthrough translation will appear a lot more to explain the concepts, definitions,new tools Based on the terminology translation strategies proposed by Nguyen

Thi Hong Vi, this research has decided to base its analysis on five followingstrategies

+ Translation using loan words strategy: Borrowing is a translation techniquethat involves using the same words or phrases in the original and target text, andthose words or phrases are loan words Although they are culture-specific items

or modern concepts, readers can understand them easily without furtherclarification In the case of filling up a semantic gap in TL (a new technique, or

an unknown concept) the translation using loan words is the simplest of all For

example email, Alzheimer, and stress are used widely without any translation into

Vietnamese

Besides, abbreviations are kept intact in TL as a strategy of translation by usingloan words, such as names of international organizations (WTO, UNICEF,ASIAN), units of currency (VND, USD, EUR), clinical phrases (OCD, PANS,SARS-CoV-2)

+ Through translation strategy: This strategy replaces the syntactic structurefrom the source text, usually a sentence or clause, with an identical or almostsimilar syntax, but its separate components are translated by using the word-for-word technique The translator does not need to make any changes, except for thechanges demanded by the grammar of the translation language itself It is aliteral translation of common collocations, name of organizations, components ofcompounds For example:

Gulf War Syndrome Hội chứng Chiến tranh Vùng VịnhDysfunctional conflict Xung đột bất thường

Histrionic personality disorder Rối loạn nhân cách kịch tính

+ Transposition translation strategy: Transposition in translation means thereplacing of one word-class by another but the meaning of the message does notchange The strategy of converting word-class not only occurs between two verbsand nouns, a noun and noun group, … but also between other kinds of words andphrases when translating from SL into TL, such as single words into compoundwords, singular to plural, single word to idiom… This strategy is popular in thetranslation of compound terminology For instance:

Source language Target language

Defensive communication Giao tiếp phòng vệ

Sexual orientation Định hướng giới tính

+ Equivalent translation strategy: This strategy converts the meaning ofterminologies from SL into TL out of the linguistic and cultural barricades Notall terminologies can be translated exactly or literally translated, therefore, thetranslation technique that uses equivalent words or phrases is essential andimportant The equivalent method is especially useful in translating proverbs,idioms, noun or adjective combinations

Le Hung Tien (2010), there are 4 popular types of equivalent translation (1)Form-based equivalence: a word-level equivalent, sentence level and text level,(2) Meaning-based equivalence: the equivalent of the object, expression, and useand shape (3) Function-based equivalence, and (4) Quantity based equivalence:one equal to one, one with more than one, one with less than one, and non-equivalence For example:

+ Translation strategy by paraphrasing: In many cases, translators cannottranslate terminologies literally or find equivalent meaning in TL Therefore,translators have to paraphrase these words or phrases, using equivalences infunction and description to help readers imagine the meaning of thoseterminologies

Translation by paraphrasing related words is a strategy when the conceptshown in SL text, is lexicalized in the TL in a dissimilar form, and when thefrequency with which a certain form is used in the SL text is much higher thanwould be natural in the TL text Using strategy of paraphrasing with unrelatedwords when the concept shown in the SL text is not lexicalized in the TL Instead

of using related words, the paraphrase may be based on changing a superordinate

or simply on taking out the meaning of words or phrases in SL text, particularlythey are semantically complex, M Baker (1991) For example:

Air-time Khoảng thời gian dành cho quảng cáo trênphương tiện truyền thông.

Action potential Sự thay đổi điện thế qua màng tế bào thầnkinh.

Ageism Sự đối xử không công bằng với người nào đódo tuổi tác của họ.Background check Việc xác minh thông tin về ứng viên

2.2 Terminology and Psychological terminology

of concepts with their subsequent names Subject specialists, general andapplied terminologists work collectively to achieve the construction andstandardization of concepts and terms for each specific field

P Faber and C.I.L Rodríguez (2012), terminology or specializedlanguage means more than a technical or a particular case of generallanguage Nowadays, society emphasizes on science and technology, theway specialized knowledge concepts are identified, designed, explained,and translated has put terminology or the production of specializedknowledge concepts into an essential appreciation

In line with Wikipedia, terminology (known as terminology science) is acommon word for the group of specialized words or meanings concerning

a particular field, and the study of those terms and their use Terms arewords and compound words or multi-word expressions in particular

contexts show particular meanings Terminology studies the development

of such terms and their interrelationships within a specialized field

According to the Cambridge dictionary, a terminology is special words

or expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity, and thisdefinition of terminology is accepted in this research

2.2.2 Characteristics of terminology and psychological terminology

According to C Harp (2009), terminology could be in the field ofmedications, ingredients, routes of administration, lab tests, units ofmeasure, species., which is designed to model some aspect of a particulardomain 11 characteristics of terminology were mentioned:

(1) Unique identifiers: A terminology certainly does not represent two

different concepts

(2) Stable identifiers: The identifier for a granted terminology is

persistent The identifier should be related and never be re-used to standfor another terminology regardless of its status

(3) Dumb identifiers: An identifier has no meaning

(4) Concept orientation: A terminology represents a concept, and that

concept is represented once in the terminology as an active term

(5) Coverage: A terminology sufficiently covers the domain belonging to

the model

(6) The controlled terminology should be controlled: a terminology has a

concentration, and it stays loyal to that concentration

(7) Consistent term structure: The lexical components that construct a

term should have a consistent structure or the same arranged pattern fromterm to term

(8) Terminology has a lifecycle: They evolve, and new terminologies are

invented, current terms are divided, replaced, or become obsolete

(9) Terminology is a part of a well-defined area of ontology: A

terminology explains an entirely specified concept, the term is made up ofvarious components

(10) Interoperability: A terminology is related to a standard integrable

available terminology

(11) Extensibility: Consumer can extend the terminology to facilitate the

extension of the terminology to connect a period until it is complemented

by the source or perpetually if the term is confined to the consumer,because terminology cannot meet all the demands of the consumer

Characteristics of psychological terminology:

Psychological terminologies have to serve general characteristicsbelonging to terminology which have been aforementioned in the previoussection of this study However, psychological terminology has its ownfeature that is distinguished from other terminologies of other fields byusing its specialization and domains According to The Free Dictionary,redirected from Psychological terms, psychology is the science that dealswith mental activity and behaviors, studies the emotional and behavioraltraits of a person, a group, or those engaged in a provided activity

2.2.3 Types of psychological terminology

Psychological terminology can be classified to match with its brancheswhen indicating knowledge of mind, activities in the brain, and its effects

on behavior According to Y Brazier (2018), there is no fixed way ofcategorizing types of psychology, but he showed 9 common types of it:(1) Clinical psychology, (2) Cognitive psychology, (3) Developmentalpsychology, (4) Evolutionary psychology, (5) Forensic psychology, (6)Health psychology, (7) Neuropsychology, (8) Occupational psychology,and (9) Social psychology

However, types of psychological terminology in this study are classified

by 5 domains of psychology according to Lumen Learning (accessed in2021), known as the 5 pillars of psychology

(1) The Biological terminology: (e.g., hippocampus, nervous system,

neurotransmitters, plasticity) Biological psychology is also known asbiopsychology or psychobiology, which applies the principles of biology

to understand the mental process and behavior, implores the biologicaleffects on behaviors The domain of biopsychology includes the study ofneuroscience, sensation, and consciousness

(2) The Cognitive terminology: (e.g., emotional numbness, conscience,

identity crisis, confirmation bias) Cognitive psychology focuses onstudying perception, memory, thinking, and intelligence The cognitiverevolution enables psychologists to comprehend the mind and mentalprocesses underlying each behavior

(3) The Developmental terminology: (e.g., childhood abuse,

adolescence, language acquisition, emotional development, moralreasoning) The developmental domain is interested in developmentalprocesses across a lifespan related to physical maturation The physicaltrait changes through time leading to changes in the cognitive process,moral, social manner, and other aspects Developmental psychologyfocuses on learning and lifespan development

(4) The Social and Personality Psychology terminology: (e.g.,

just-world phenomenon, workplace-bullying, social isolation, extroversion)This domain discovers the way that the real, envisioned, or impliedexistence of other people affect and construct thoughts, sentiments,manners, beliefs, goals, and intentions of one person The Social andPersonality Psychology terminology focuses on social, personality,emotion, motivation

(5) The Mental and Physical Health terminology: (e.g., phobias,

schizophrenia, depression, reframing) This domain of psychology dealswith the study and practice of abnormal psychology (abnormal thoughtsand manners), treatment and counseling The final result of this domain issolving psychological problems and leading to a healthy life The Mentaland Physical Health terminology focuses on abnormalities, therapies,stress, lifestyle, and health

2.3 Overview information about Zeally online magazine

This study will take the reliable translated Vietnamese articles and theirEnglish original articles from the Zeally online magazine in the category

of psychology at zeally.net, and about 17 thousand people liked andfollowed the fan page of Zeally on Facebook The psychological category

is one of about 40 other categories on Zeally.net The psychologicalcategory is one of the outstanding ones on Zeally.net that helps peopleunderstand more about human’s minds

The Zeally online magazine owns a unique feature that not all othermagazines have - most of the articles here are translated from scientificsources in English Other sources just provide articles in English such asThe New Yorker, Nautilus, or AEON, and just in Vietnamese such asSpiderum.com, Trangtamly.blog, or vjst.vn The Zeally online magazine isone of the minorities that provides a chance for English users or non-English users in Vietnam to get access to the most updated, thoughtful,and meticulous articles in English The contents on Zeally are displayed

on a simple, friendly interface with their original sources at the beginning

of the articles, and most interestingly, there are no advertisements, bannersthat annoy readers from enjoying quintessential knowledge of mankind Zeally is a non-profit magazine that evokes and spreads curiosity andinterest in learning the world to more people in the Vietnamesecommunity It also promotes a more active reading environment inVietnam by two main activities: Qualified foreign articles are collectedand then translated, and analytical articles on different topics in life areresearched and written by contributors is the second activity

Through translation and writing articles with an average length of 4000words each, Zeally magazine wishes to bring Vietnamese readers newscientific reasoned and evidence-based knowledge and perspectives Withthat strong, reliable, and brilliant source of materials, especially thepsychological ones, the Zeally online magazine is perfectly suitable tostudy the issue of translating English psychological terminologies intoVietnamese

CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will show analyzed and processed data from the survey, which isperformed in the forms of charts and tables

3.1 The use of psychological terminology in translation on Zeally

3.1.1 The frequency of psychological terminologies used in translated articles

Figure 3.1 The frequency of psychological terminology in an article

3.11%

96.89%

Proportion of psychological termimology in an article

The total quantity of minologies in an article The total quantity of non- terminologies in an article

ter-After extracting psychological terminologies from 30 English originalarticles and their Vietnamese translated articles, the statistics show that onaverage, there are about 26 psychological terminologies per one article.The pie chart above indicates the number of psychological terminologies

in a standard article when it was translated into Vietnamese Theterminology can be a single word or a phrase, for statistical purpose, thephrases are separated into independent words More specifically, astandard article contains about 4075 words, and about 3.1% of them arepsychological terminologies, which comprises about 126 independentwords (in that volume) The total quantity of terminologies found in 30articles is up to 755, which are unevenly distributed to five pillar types ofpsychology and translated by different terminology translation strategies.These psychological terminologies play a key role in the understanding

of the content of the translated texts In both original and translated

the psychological field with the help of mentioned terminology As aresult, the proportion of terminologies and non-terminologies in translatedarticles above shows the nature of the frequency of psychologicalterminologies in a standard article, which is 3.1% This finding can helptranslators and readers grasp the approximate number of terminologies inpsychological articles

3.1.2 Types of psychological terminologies in analyzed articles

Figure 3.2 Types of psychological terminologies in analyzed articles by

Types of psychological terminology

The bar chart indicates the proportion of terminology according to its kinds in

30 articles on the online magazine Zeally The type of terminology thattranslators encounter the most is the Social and Personality Psychologyterminology, which accounts for 28.3% Consequently, it suggests that thepsychological column on Zeally online magazine inclines to focus on aspects ofsocial and personality, which are practical and interesting issues in the humanworld nowadays Furthermore, the fact that articles of psychological themes onZeally are translated from English sources such as the Nautilus magazine, theNew York Times magazine and the Atlantic magazine indicates the tendencytowards issuing social and personality psychology articles of those internationalfamous online magazines Translators would meet up terminologies related to

social issues, personality, emotion, and motivation, for example, altruistic instincts, self-inflicted death, external locus of control, etc… in English articles

The percentages of the biological and the cognitive terminology are prettymuch the same, which are 25% and 25,3% respectively The developmental

terminologies such as puberty, the reading brain, and method of loci account for

the lowest proportion (in the chart) with just 4,5% This percentage indicates thatthe developmental domain is not so prevalent among psychological communities.The percentage of the Mental and Physical Health terminology, which are related

to Abnormal, Therapies, Stress, Lifestyle, and Health, accounts for about 16,8%

of the total quantity of terminologies in both original and in translated articles

3.2 Translation strategies applied to translate English psychological

terminologies into Vietnamese on Zeally

Figure 3.3 Psychological terminology translation strategies applied by translators

Tran

slatio

n usin

loan

words

Thro

ugh trans

lation

Transp ition

translation

Equi

vale

nt tr

anslation

Translatio

n by

par

aphr

asing

0 4 8 12

Psychological terminology translation strategies applied by translators

The approximate proportion in each application of terminology translationstrategies into Vietnamese are shown in the above bar chart In general, theproportions of terminology translation strategies applied in 30 articles areobviously uneven The Through translation strategies accounts for about 37.0%,which is the highest proportion in the chart, so the Through translation is proved

to be a quite popular strategy in the aspect of psychological terminologytranslation The Equivalent clearly ranks the second with 30.2%, and the thirdone is the Transposition translation method with 20.7% The chart also illustratesthat the strategy of translation using loan words just occupies about 5,7% Theproportion of the Paraphrasing approach is 6.5% in total quantity, which is 0.8%higher than that of the lowest one

(1) Through translation: With the percentage of 37.0%, it is the most commonstrategy used by translators, which occupies more than one-third of the totalquantity of applied strategies In this strategy, translators do not have to changeanything because they use the word-for-word translation technique, which wasmentioned clearly in chapter II, item 2.1.3 Psychological themes and researchare not so popular in Vietnam, so the concepts, definitions and terminologies arequite novel to people, therefore the Through translation strategy seems to beeffective and suitable to convert the intentions and ideas of writers in originaltexts into target texts with the possibly highest accuracy For example, the word

“default behavior” can be translated into “hành vi mặc định”, and “basicoptimism” can be translated into “sự lạc quan cơ bản”

(2) Equivalence translation (30.2%): This approach makes up about 30,2% ofthe total percentage of all translation strategies applied by translators, whichmakes it the second popular approach after the Through translation strategy.When encountering English psychological terminologies in original texts,translators can find equivalent terminologies in the Vietnamese language, which

is pre-accepted by readers For instance, “habits of secession” was translated into

“thói quen độc lập”, “survival mechanism” was translated into “bản năng sống còn” in Vietnamese One of the efficiencies of the equivalence translation

strategy is that it makes the terminology familiar to Vietnamese readers, thereforethe translated text is more comprehensible even for people with non-interest inthe psychological topic

(3) Transposition translation: The proportion of about 20.7% in all appliedstrategies is the Transposition translation, which means 156/755 detectedterminologies are translated by this strategy When using Transpositiontranslation, translators have to convert the word-class of the English terminologyinto an acceptable and related Vietnamese terminology For example, in

“cognitive impairments” transposed into “việc bị suy giảm khả năng nhận thức”,while the word “cognitive” is an English adjective, “khả năng nhận thức” is now

a Vietnamese noun-phrase Translators intentionally use this strategy not to makethe meaning of the word more specific and clearer in these cases, but at least itcan make it less obscure or difficult for readers to understand than the Throughtranslation strategy does

(4) Translation by paraphrasing: With a percentage of 6.5%, it is the lowest frequency of translation strategy appearing in the finding Translatorsalways make an effort to make readers understand the meaning of theterminologies, but sometimes, they cannot translate terminologies literally,replace them with loan words or find their equivalent meanings in TL As aresult, paraphrasing these words can be effective and useful to unambiguously

second-explain the terminology to readers For example, the terminology “idealistic sobriety” can be translated into “một cái đầu tỉnh táo mà vẫn đầy lý tưởng”

In many cases, instead of paraphrasing the terminology, translators and editorsjust put a hyperlink beside the mentioned Vietnamese terminologies, which areprobably new to Vietnamese readers This technique of using hyperlink is veryuseful to grasp the terms when they are not explained in original texts, andwithout it, readers have to manage to deal with the terms by themselves That is aunique feature of the Zeally online magazine to support readers to understandsome tough mental concepts in the text

(5) Translation using loan words (5.7%): translators apply this kind oftranslation strategy as a borrowing translation technique when there are noequivalent psychological words or phrases in the Vietnamese language, and otherstrategies might make the mentioned terminological meaning obscure or hard tounderstand Loan words found in the findings, for example, stress, hormones,Alzheimer, oxytocin, are mainly in the field of Biological psychology, which isclearly shown in Table 3.1 of the next section These loan words are quitecommon and acceptable by publicity because readers do not have to make efforts

to understand them, they get them directly Loan words are kept intact from theoriginal article without changing concepts of a phenomenon but causing noirritation to readers because they are becoming parts of the Vietnamese language

In some cases, translators used loan words instead of translating a specificEnglish terminology because there had been an explanation or a definition behind

or in the front of it Therefore, if readers merely read those loan-wordterminologies without paying attention to their contexts, they would be confused

by those terminologies, for instance, terms like “hiệu ứng Barnum”, “pseudologiafantastica”, Những “sociopaths” would make no sense if they stand alone

The combination of translation strategies happens when two translationapproaches are used to translate a terminology In the analytical result, the loanword translation method is sometimes integrated with other methods to makeunique translated phrases in Vietnamese from the original terminology Forinstance, Translation using loan words combined with Transposition translation

to translate “neural connections” into “liên kết nơ-ron” in Vietnamese, or “firingneurons” was converted into “các nơ-ron hoạt động” by using loan words andEquivalent translation strategy

3.3 Terminology translation strategies applied to translate different types of psychological terminologies on Zeally

Table 3.1 Five terminology translation strategies applied to translate different

types of psychological terminologies

Strategies

Types

Translation using loan

Through translation

Transposition translation

Equivalent translation

Translation

by

The Biological terms 27 (62.8%) 64 (22.9%) 44 (28.2%) 44 (19.3%) 10 (20.4%) The Cognitive terms 3 (7.0%) 75 (26.9%) 35 (22.4%) 61 (26.8%) 17 (34.7%) The Developmental terms 1 (2.3%) 13 (4.7%) 8 (5.1%) 9 (3.9%) 3 (6.1%) The Social and

Personality Psychology 4 (9.3%) 74 (26.5%) 45 (28.8%) 80 (35.1%) 11 (22.4%)The Mental and Physical

Health terms 8 (18.6%) 53 (19.0%) 24 (15.4%) 34 (14.9%) 8 (16.3%)Total (755 terms) 43 (100%) 279 (100%) 156 (100%) 228 (100%) 49 (100%)

Overall, percentages in each strategy of terminological translation are uneven,and the total numbers of terms translated into Vietnamese using 5 translationstrategies are also different Specifically, the total number of terms translated byusing the Through translation is up to 279 cases, and it is the highest number next

to those of the other strategies In contrast, the total number of using loan words

is 43 cases, and it is the lowest total number counted According to the table, allpercentages in the columns of Through translation, Transposition translation,Equivalent translation and translation by paraphrasing are approximately equal to

or under 35% Especially, proportions in the column of translation using loanwords fluctuate significantly The percentage of terms employed loan words inthe domain of biological psychology (63%) is nearly 30 times as much as thepercentage in the Developmental terms, which is just 2%

The quantity of Developmental terminologies found in articles is the lowest,which leads to its lowest proportion in all columns of terminology translationstrategies in the table For more specific, its percentage in translation using loanwords, the Through translation, the Transposition translation, the Equivalenttranslation, and translation by paraphrasing are just 2%, 5%, 5%, 4%, and 6%respectively The Mental and Physical Health terms are distributed quiteconsistently in every column of terminology translation method in the table, all

of the percentages in that psychological domain in each column just vary from15% to 19%

3.3.1 Translation using loan words strategy

Figure 3.4 Translation using loan words strategy applied to translate 5 types of

psychological terminologies

The Biological terms The Cognitive terms The Developmental terms The Social and Personality Psychology terms

The Mental and Physical Health terms

62.8% 7.0%

2.3%

9.3%

18.6%

Translation using loan words

As mentioned in the last section (3.3), percentages in the number of terms oftranslation using loan words fluctuate drastically, and it is clearer whenillustrated in figure 3.5 above As a result, it reveals that loan words applied totranslate terminologies largely depend on characteristics and features in each type

of psychological terminology

It is obvious that translating Biological terminologies using loan wordsaccounts for about 62.8%, which is the highest proportion compared to the other