Worship of siva linga is the cultural bo

Worship of Siva linga is the cultural bond which links metalworkers and seafaring merchants of Sarasvati-Sindhu Hindu and Champa-Khmer civilizations.. A hypothesis is proposed for furthe

Worship of Siva linga is the cultural bond which links metalworkers and seafaring merchants of Sarasvati-

Sindhu (Hindu) and Champa-Khmer civilizations

Based on Indus Script deciherment using rebus-metonymy layered cipher, g of linga hieroglyph

is read as: [ lōkhaṇḍa ] 'metalware' This indicates contacts of metalworkers and seafaring merchants on Bronze Age Indian Ocean Tin Road A hypothesis is proposed for further

researches in archaeometallurgy and historical linguistics: Cultural links evidenced by the

worship of Siva linga is a continuum from cultural contacts of the Bronze Age linking

metalworkers and seafaring merchants of Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) and Champa-Khmer

civilizations, defining the Tin Road of Hanoi, Vietnam to Haifa, Israel

Discoveries of mukhalinga in Ancient Far East matches with the archaeological discovery

of Siva Linga, Bhuteshwar, ca 2nd cent BCE in the context of a metal smelter hieroglyph The discovery of siva linga from many parts of Ancient Far East is a defining moment in the researches of cultural contacts between Indian sprachbund and Khmer-Champa civilization, further reinforcing the reality of the Brolnze Age Tin Road which linked Hanoi, Vietnam with Haifa, Israel

Siva linga have been found in Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization area

A remarkable find of siva linga in Mathura of ca 2nd cent BCE links the semantics of linga with the metalwork of Bharatam Janam, lit 'metalcaster folk'

Hieroglyph mukha, 'face' on a siva linga is rebus: muh, 'ingot, quantity of metal taken out of a furnace' Thus, the mukha linga denotes metalwork smelted out of a furnace

Inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora have been deciphered using rebus-metonymy layered cipher

of rendering of hieroglyhphs as Meluhha (Indian sparachbund, proto-Prakritam) metalwork

glosses, In this decipherment framework, the gloss loi 'penis' is rebus: lo, loh 'copper' (Prakritam

Meluhha)

2

The pair of pillars of polished stone

at Dholavira have been hypothesised as linga renderings

See:

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html The continuity of veneration of Siva linga is most evident among metalworkers Many sites of the civilization have fire-altars with an embedded forked or unforked stake,

resembling a stambha, sivalinga This has been read rebus as lokhaNDa in the vivid hieroglyphs

renderings of temples of India at Candi Sukuh In the context of discoveries of scores of siva linga in Ancient Far East dated to early centuries of the Common Era are thus consistent with the finds of Sivalinga at Candi Sukuh, Indonesia temple complex See the evidence and arguments at: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/sekkizhar-periya-puranam-and-

candi.html Sekkizhar Periya purāṇam and Candi Sukuh linga inscription Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphic narratives of metalwork

Histoire ancienne des Etats hindouises along the Tin Road from Haifa to Hanoi

Based on these evidences, the Indian sprachbund gloss lo, loh 'copper' was signified by the siva linga hieroglyph (as signifier) Hieroglyph: lOj `penis' (Munda Austro-asiatic

Indian sprachbund)

This gloss for copper was rendered as đồng 'copper' (Vietnamese), which yields the name đồng

son 'copper culture' of Dong Son Bronze drums fame of Ancient Far East This metalwork culture is traceable to and links with the Bronze Age of the 3rd millennium evidenced by the Ban Chang archaeological site of Thailand Candi Sukuh was clearly a metalwork archaeological site celebrating the links across the Indian Ocean by seafaring merchants and artisans of Khmer-Champa-Sarasvati-Sindhu civilizations In Indian sprachbund, the word used for metalworkers

was: Bharatam Janam, lit metalcaster folk

Pl 6 Linga discovered at Candi Sukuh and now in Museum Pusst, Jakarta (from CJ van der Vlis, Report of 1843).Linga is six feet long, five feet in circumference Old Javanese inscription: 'Consecration of the Holy Gangga sudhi the sign of masculinity is the essence of the world.' Sword is carved in relief on the shaft of the linga

http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Proeve_eener_beschrijving_en_verklaring.html?id=O1JUAAAAcAAJ C J van der Vlis, Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 1843

- Ceta (Temple), Jawa Tengah, Indonesia Vlis, C.J van der 1843 "Proeve Eener Beschrijving

En Verklaring Der Oudheden En Opschriften Op Soekoeh En Tjetto." In Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 19:

See:

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.ae/2015/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-and-candi-sukuh.html?view=classic

Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/10153387/Meluhha_hieroglyphs_and_Candi_Sukuh_hieroglyphs_related_to_metalwork

[ lōkhaṇḍa ] n ( S) Iron or To oppress grievously

[ lōkhaṇḍakāma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which

consists of iron 2 The business of an ironsmith

[ lōkhaṇḍī ] a ( ) Composed of iron; relating to iron 2 fig Hardy or hard a

constitution or a frame of body, one's or natal bone or parental stock 3 Close and hard; used

of kinds of wood 4 Ardent and unyielding a fever 5 , in the sense Hard and coarse or in the sense Strong or enduring, is freely applied as a term of distinction or designation Examples follow

[ lōkhaṇḍī ] f ( ) An iron boiler or other vessel 2 A large scandent shrub, Ventilago

Maderaspatana Grah

[ lōkhaṇḍī kāva ] f A red ochre or earth

[ lōkhaṇḍī cunā ] m A term for strong and enduring chunam-work

[ lōkhaṇḍī chāpa ] m (Iron type.) A term, according to popular apprehension,

for Leaden types and for Printing; in contrad from Lithography

ज [ lōkhaṇḍī jara ] m ( & ज ) False brocade or lace; lace &c made of iron

[ śēṇāmēṇācā ] a (Of dung and wax.) Weak, feeble, flimsy, slight, superficial,

unsubstantial, soft, easy, yea and nay, milk and watery A colloquialism expressing contempt or

slight, and used of buildings, articles, business, animals, men

[ śēṇāmēṇālōkhaṇḍācā ] a (Of dung, of wax, and of iron.) That seems at first

soft and easy, empty and unmeaning, and becomes gradually hard, difficult, significant, weighty, grievous, until at length it resembles iron; as a work or a business, a speech, a treatment 2 Weak and strong; flimsy and substantial; of which part is earthy, part adamantine; of a mixed character or confused quality; as a building, a business

or [ mēṇā or ṇyā ] a ( ) Smeared with a composition of wax, dregs of oil or ghee,

ashes of burnt rags and cowdung &c Used of , , , &c

[ lōha ] n S Iron, crude or wrought

[ khāṇḍā ] m A kind of sword, straight, broad-bladed, two-edged, and round-ended

[ khāṇḍēkarī ] m A man armed with the sword called

[ khēṇḍa ] f A sort of sword with a rounded and weighty extremity

[ khaṇḍōbā ] m A familiar appellation of the god 0 (Marathi)

gōla1 m ʻ ball ʼ BhP., °aka m ʻ ball ʼ BhP., ʻ glans penis ʼ Sāy., °likā f ʻ little ball ʼ

SāmavBr (CDIAL 4321) Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’(Tamil)

*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ Gy eur kanro m ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka ); Tir mar

kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S kaṇḍo m ʻ back ʼ, L kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m ʻ backbone ʼ,

awāṇ kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P kaṇḍ f ʻ back, pubes ʼ; B k ʻ clitoris ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

<ka~Da> {N} ``^sword'' *De.<kaNDa>(GM) `sword' @N0670 #10791 <khanda>>:

#16501.<pet = khanda>E145 {N} ``a ^sword worshipped as the symbol of an important local deity'' @B28440 #16512.<khanDa>(B) {N} ``^sword'' *Des.<khOnDa:> @B07650

#16521 Re<paTkaNDa>(F) {N} ``sacred ^Great_^Sword worshipped in Remo ritual as the symbol of an important local diety'' Cited also as <pet = khanda>E145

<kanda>(A) {N} ``^saddle (between two ^hills)'' ??in geography list #15900

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<kanDuD>(Z) {NB} ``^vagina, female ^sex_organ'' *So.<kAnDoD>(Z)/<DoD>

`frog' #15920

[ gaṇḍā ] m An aggregate of four (cowries or pice) (Marathi) <ganDa>(P) {NUM}

``^four'' Syn <cari>(LS4), <hunja-mi>(D) *Sa., Mu.<ganDa> `id.', H.<gA~Da> `a group of four cowries' %10591 #10511.<ganDa-mi>(KM) {NUM} ``^four'' |<-mi>

`one' %10600 #10520 Ju<ganDa>(P) {NUM} ``^four'' gaṇḍaka m ʻ a coin worth four

cowries ʼ lex., ʻ method of counting by fours ʼ W [← Mu Przyluski RoczOrj iv

234]S g aṇḍ o m ʻ four in counting ʼ; P gaṇḍā m ʻ four cowries ʼ; B Or H gaṇḍā m ʻ a group

of four, four cowries ʼ; M gaṇḍā m ʻ aggregate of four cowries or pice ʼ.(CDIAL 4001)

Psht guṇḍ ʻ round ʼ, Pers gunda ʻ ball of leaven ʼ, gund ʻ testicle ʼ < *gr n a NTS xii 263 See also gaḍu 1, gaṇḍu , *giḍa , *gilla , kanda ]1 Pa gaṇḍa m ʻ swelling, boil, abscess ʼ; Pk gaṁḍa<-> m.n ʻ goitre, boil ʼ, NiDoc gaṁḍa(CDIAL 3997)

Hieroglyh: So laj(R) ~ lij ~ la'a'j ~ laJ/ laj ~ kaD `penis'.Sa li'j `penis, esp of small boys'.Sa lO'j `penis'.Mu lOe'j ~ lOGgE'j `penis' ! lO'jHo loe `penis'.Ku la:j

`penis'.@(C289)``^penis'':Sa lOj `penis'.Mu lOj `penis'.KW lOj@(M084) liṅga1 n ʻ

characteristic attribute ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ penis ʼ Mn [In latter sense same as, or infl by *liṅga

2 (s.v *likka ) from which prob., as emblem of Śiva, came the meaning ʻ attribute

ʼ]Pa liṅga n ʻ mark, penis, vulva ʼ; Pk liṁga n ʻ sign, penis ʼ; S liṅu m ʻ limb ʼ; L liṅg f

ʻ leg ʼ; P liṅg m ʻ limb, leg, penis ʼ; WPah.rudh liṅuṇī ʻ tail of sheep or goat ʼ (X lambana :

cf *lēṅga s.v *liṅga 2).(CDIAL 11051).*likka ʻ defective ʼ 2 *liṅga 2 3 *lēkka 4

*lēgga 5 *lēṅka 6 *lēṅga (~ *rēṅga ) 7 *lēṅgha [Cf liṅgika n ʻ lameness

ʼ, ligú m ʻ blockhead ʼ lex., liṅga (CDIAL 11044) *lōcya ʻ bright ʼ 2 *lōciya [~ rōcya ,

*rōciya √*luc]1 Paš.ar leč adj ʻ light, bright ʼ; Shum lōč ʻ dawn ʼ; Tor loǰ m ʻ light ʼ.2

Forms of Paš Woṭ H altern < *lōcis q.v.lōcyatē ʻ is caused to shine ʼ Dhātup [~ rōcyatē -

√*luc]S locaṇu ʻ to desire, search for ʼ; L locaṇ ʻ to favour, wish ʼ; G loc ʻ to desire

earnestly ʼ.(CDIAL 11131, 11132) linga etymology is uncertain, suggestions include

Germanic *leik (English alike) as a cognate

Rebus: *lōhaśālā ʻ smithy ʼ [lōhá , śāˊlā ] lōhī f ʻ any object made of iron ʼ Kāv., ʻ pot ʼ

Divyāv., lō ikā f ʻ large shallow wooden bowl bound with iron ʼ, lau ā f ʻ iron pot ʼ lex [lōhá ]Pk lō ī f ʻ iron pot ʼ; P loh f ʻ large baking iron ʼ; A lu iyā ʻ iron pan ʼ; Bi lo iyā ʻ

iron or brass shallow pan with handles ʼ; G lo iy n ʻ frying pan ʼ.*lōhōpaskara ʻ iron tools ʼ

[lōhá , upaskara 1]N lokhar ʻ bag in which a barber keeps his tools ʼ; H lokhar m ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; X lauhabhāṇḍa : Ku lok aṛ ʻ iron tools ʼ; H lok aṇḍ m ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G lok ḍ n ʻ tools, iron, ironware ʼ; M lok ḍ n ʻ iron ʼ (LM 400 <

k aṇḍa ) laúha ʻ made of copper or iron ʼ Gr Śr., ʻ red ʼ MBh., n ʻ iron, metal ʼ Bhaṭṭ

[lōhá ]Pk lō a ʻ made of iron ʼ; L lo ā ʻ iron coloured, reddish ʼ; P lo ā ʻ reddish brown (of cattle) ʼ.[Dial au ~ ō (in lō á ) < IE ou T Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 74](CDIAL

11170, 11171, 11172) Bi lo sārī ʻ smithy ʼ(CDIAL 11162)

Rebus: lo, loh 'copper, metal' lōhá ʻ red, copper coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n

ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh [*rudh ]Pa lō a m ʻ metal, esp copper or bronze ʼ; Pk lō a

m ʻ iron ʼ, Gy pal li°, lihi, obl elhás, as loa JGLS new ser ii 258; Wg (Lumsden) "loa" ʻ steel

ʼ; Kho loh ʻ copper ʼ; S lohu m ʻ iron ʼ, L lo ā m., awāṇ lōˋā, P lo ā m (→ K.rām

ḍoḍ lo ā), WPah.bhad l u n., bhal lòtilde; n., pāḍ jaun lō , paṅ.lu ā, cur cam lo ā,

Ku luwā, N lohu, ° ā, A lo, B lo, no, Or lo ā, lu ā, Mth loh, Bhoj lo ā, Aw.lakh lō ,

H loh, lo ā m., G M loh n.; Si loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md ratu lō ʻ copper ʼ.WPah.kṭg (kc.) ló ʻ iron ʼ, J lo ā m., Garh loho; Md lō ʻ metal ʼ.(CDIAL 11158) <loha>(BD) {NI}

``^iron'' Syn <luaG>(D) <loha>(BD) `iron' ??VAR #20381.<loha>(BD) `iron' ??VAR

#20411 Loha (nt.) [Cp Vedic loha, of Idg *(e)reudh "red"; see also rohita & lohita] metal, esp

copper, brass or bronze It is often used as a general term & the individual application is not

always sharply defined Its comprehensiveness is evident from the classification of loha at VbhA

63, where it is said lohan tijātilohaŋ, vijāti˚, kittima˚, pisāca˚ or natural metal, produced metal, artificial (i e alloys), & metal from the Pisāca district Each is subdivided as follows: jāti˚=ayo, sajjhaŋ, suvaṇṇaŋ, tipu, sīsaŋ, tambalohaŋ, vekantakalohaŋ; vijāti˚=nāga

nāsika˚; kittima˚=kaŋsalohaŋ, vaṭṭa˚, ārakūṭaŋ;pisāca˚=morakkhakaŋ, puthukaŋ, malinakaŋ,

capalakaŋ, selakaŋ, āṭakaŋ, bhallakaŋ, dūsilohaŋ The description ends "Tesu pañca jātilohāni pāḷiyaŋ visuŋ vuttān' eva (i e the first category are severally spoken of in the Canon)

Tambalohaŋ vekantakan ti imehi pana dvīhi jātilohehi saddhiŋ sesaŋ sabbam pi idha lohan ti

veditabbaŋ." On loha in similes see J.P.T.S 1907, 131 Cp A iii.16=S v.92 (five alloys of

gold: ayo, loha, tipu, sīsaŋ, sajjhaŋ); J v.45 (asi˚); Miln 161 (suvaṇṇam pi jātivantaŋ lohena bhijjati); PvA 44, 95 (tamba˚=loha), 221 (tatta loha secanaŋ pouring out of boiling metal, one of the five ordeals in Niraya)

kaṭāha a copper (brass) receptacle Vin ii.170 kāra a metal worker, coppersmith,

blacksmith Miln 331 kumbhī an iron cauldron Vin ii.170 Also N of a purgatory J iii.22, 43; iv.493; v.268; SnA 59, 480; Sdhp 195 guḷa an iron (or metal) ball A iv.131; Dh 371 (mā

˚ŋ gilī pamatto; cp DhA iv.109). jāla a copper (i e wire) netting PvA 153 thālaka a copper bowl Nd1 226 thāli a bronze kettle DhA i.126 pāsāda "copper terrace," brazen palace, N

of a famous monastery at Anurādhapura in Ceylon Vism 97; DA i.131; Mhvs passim

piṇḍa an iron ball SnA 225 bhaṇḍa copper (brass) ware Vin ii.135 maya made of copper, brazen Sn 670; Pv ii.64 māsa a copper bean Nd1 448 (suvaṇṇa channa) māsaka a small copper coin KhA 37 (jatu māsaka, dāru māsaka+); DhsA 318 rūpa a bronze statue Mhvs

36, 31 salākā a bronze gong stick Vism 283.(Pali)

8

Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga Bhuteshwar, ca 2nd cent BCE Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in

Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the

smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, ° i , ° a 3, ° i m ʻ tree

ʼ Rebus: ku i 'smelter' kuṭa, ° i , ° a 3, ° i m ʻ tree ʼ lex., ° aka m ʻ a kind of tree ʼ

Kauś.Pk kuḍa m ʻ tree ʼ; Paš lauṛ kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ

IIFL iii 3, 98 (CDIAL 3228)

Sivalinga tradition as a cultural continuum from Harappa to Hanoi

Lingam, grey sandstone in situ, Harappa, Trench Ai, Mound F, Pl X (c) (After Vats) "In an earthenware jar, No 12414, recovered from Mound F, Trench IV, Square I

Terracotta sivalinga, Kalibangan

Kalibangan Terracotta 4.5x4.5cm

Dholavira Rolling stones?

ḍula m ʻ rolling stone ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 6582) WPah.kṭg (kc.) ḍ ōˋḷ m ʻ stone ʼ,

kṭg ḍ òḷ m ʻ big stone or boulder ʼ, ḍ òḷ u ʻ small id ʼ Him.I 87.(CDIAL 5536)

Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Santali)

This rebus reading justifies an inference that sivalinga is a symbol denoting dul ‘cast metal’ It is

further hypothesized that the sivalinga type pillars of Dholavira denote the workshops involved

in metal casting work Hence, the presence of stone sivalinga in Harappa and the depiction of sivalinga in a worshipful state, evidenced by two decorated bases and a lingam, Mohenjodaro

The base is decorated with ‘trefoil’ indicating three

perforations: kolom‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ Together with tüḷy ‘perforation’ The

trefoil may read rebus: dul kolami ‘cast metal smithy’

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Ta toḷ (toṭp-, toṭṭ-) to perforate, bore with an instrument; toḷkal perforating; toḷku excavation, pit;

toḷḷal hole; toḷḷai hole, perforation, pit, anything tubular, fault, defect; toḷai (-pp-, -tt-) to

perforate, bore;n hole; tuḷai (-pp-, -tt-) to make a hole, bore, drill, punch, pierce as with an arrow; n hole, orifice, aperture, perforation, hollow as of a tube, bamboo, gateway, passage, flaw

in a diamond; tuḷavai hole; tōḷ (tōṭp-, tōṭṭ-) to perforate, bore through, dig out,

scoop; n hole; toṇṭi hole Ma toḷḷa hole, cavity; tuḷahole, bored hole; tuḷayuka to be

perforated; tuḷekka to perforate, pierce, bore Ko toyḷ- (toḷc-) to pierce; toyḷ hole in

pen-post; toḷ hole, vagina; teḷi·(g) hole in wall between two houses (for handing through fire,

etc.) To tüḷy gate-post of pen with holes for bars; tüḷy- (tüḷc-) to make hole in stone or

tree Ka toḷe hole, bored hole; toḷḷe hollow, hole, cavity, deficit, debt; ṭoḷḷe hollow, cavity; ṭoḷḷu, toḷḷu state of being hollow, void, or empty within; toli hole, socket Tu toluvè hole; tolpuni, doḷpuni to prick; toḷu hole; empty; ḍoḷḷu, ṭoḷḷu, toḷḷè void, hollow Te toli, tolika hole; tol(u)cu to

bore, perforate, hollow, dig, scoop, carve;doṇḍi hole; (K.) dol(u)cu to make a hole; ḍolla hollow,

concave Go (Tr.) tullānā to be bored, pierced;caus tulhuttānā; (Mu.) tullih- to scrape out or bore out the pulp of a gourd (Voc 1762); (A Y.) ḍoḍḍopit (ASu ḍhoḍḍō); (Tr.) ḍhōḍhur hole in

a tree (Voc 1611); (Tr.) ṭōṭī the hole-entrance to the nest of the bee called

mas-phukī (Voc 1536) Kui doḍa a pitted surface, pitted sore ? (DEDR 3528)

Examples of ringstones discovered in Mohenjo-daro:

Banded limestone ring-stone, Mohenjo-daro

Stone pillars, remains of large pillars, Dholavira (See appended images)

What do the two pillars of Dholavira signify? It appears from their location close to a circular structure with a ring-stone in the middle, the pillars may denote cosmic stambhas described in

the Atharva Veda The pillars may also evoke the memories retained in the konda-habba

fiwalking festivity traditions of Lingavantas If so, the two linga skambhas may denote the enactment of the cosmic creation exemplified by the fiery pillars of stone of bronze-age Dholavira, a site dominated by a 10-sign hieroglyph advertisement board on the gateway heralding the metallurgical repertoire of Dholavira artisan-lapidary-smith guild Maybe, they were memorials erected to venerate the contributions made by the ancestors, a practice which seems to have continued as evidenced by the many linga stones erected close to Galagesvara Mahadeva temple at Ittagi, Koppal district, (64 kms west of Hampi) Karnataka – built by Mahadeva, a commander in the army of the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI

re-http://www.gujarattourism.com/showgalleryphotos.aspx?contentid=36

http://www.panoramio.com/user/1004720?comment_page=6&photo_page=5&show=all http://theramblingshoes.blogspot.in/2012/01/glimpse-of-lost-civilization-dholavira.html Dholavira Ring-stone used to hold a pillar Inside castle-wall

Pillar members found from various trenches from Dholavira

http://asi.nic.in/images/exec_dholavira/pages/022.html

Dholavira Polished stone pillars

Dholavira (Kotda).The two 'sthambs', or polished pillars, which are claimed to resemble Sivalingas, in the citadel

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[quote] Bisht was non-committal when asked if the two “sthambs” found at the Dholavira site and the phallus-like stone artefacts excavated there but kept in Purana Qila, New Delhi, looked like Sivalingas Nauriyal said, separately: “They definitely resemble male organs What the concept was, it is difficult to comment Whether they were used for worship, magic, ritual or as a good omen, we do not know.” On what led to the collapse of Dholavira, Nauriyal said: “The snap in the trade relationship with foreign countries, possibly.” It was largely maritime trade Goods could not be traded any more “There must have been a host of factors and the economic factor must have been one of them,” he said [unquote]

http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/the-harappan-hub/article4840474.ece#test Continuum of Sivalinga in Indian and Khmer traditions

Shiva Lingam Lingam and Yoni Khmer Bronze 3'' tall

Shiva Lingam with 4 Faces (Michael Carlos Museum, Atlanta)

Sivalinga Gudimallam, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, 2nd cent BCE

Sivalinga discoveries in Guwahati, Assam

Here is a report on the discoveries; Archaeological reports are awaited

Proposed excavations may rewrite NE history Saidul Khan

Is Guwahati the site where the ancient kingdom of Kamrupa

existed?

This and many more questions, which are still mired in controversy, could be answered more vividly when the archeologists excavate the entire Bhaitbari-Tikrikilla area in Meghalaya's West Garo Hills district

Hold your eyes as we take you to this remote archeological site that once shot into fame

following excavation finding in 1992, but later on slipped into the back burner

Wadagokgre is the site of an ancient civilization; believe to be cast out of the mighty

majestyBramaputra River in the fourth century AD or even earlier The site is located in a small remote hamlet in West Garo Hills of Meghalaya The excavation so far have clearly

14

demonstrated that this site was a sprawling township with Buddhism, Hinduism and

amalgamation of the two being widely practiced in this area

In 1992, AK Sharma of ASI, Nagpur excavated the site and unearthed the three temple sites – with numerous Shiva lingas – and a Buddhist Stupa

But the prominent and the most impressive discovery of the site is this Octagonal Temple with eight miniature octagons, each having a Shiva Lings The structure is of a more magnificient architecture, having eight square subsidiary shrines radiating from the eight arms of the main octagon This is perhaps one of the unique discoveries during the excavation The total plan of the temple is 13 m in width and 90 m in height

"Further excavations are likely to reveal further remains of an earlier habitation, besides

unravelling the historical antiquity of the plains-belt of the State of which very little is known from recorded history," Williamson Sangma Museum curator Dr Julius Marak said

The Township viewed to be well fortified, has a large number of tanks inside and on the other prestigious heights is located a number of burn bricks temple This is another thrilling

unexpected discovery, the site of a structure associated with Buddhism, which is commonly known as stupa The stupa belongs to a category of stupa, which is structurally termed as mud stupa However, nothing is definitely known at present about the history of the site including the era it flourished

Scholars believe that nearly 20 temple sites which have been there might have been palatial complexes and habitational areas for the population of the town "Government will tie up with ASI North East circle to carry out further excavations of the entire Bhaitbari site, which is about

20 sq km" Dr Marak said

The archaeological findings which have yet to be adequately unraveled and carbon-dated are reported to be of considerable antiquity The finds are of artifacts, which reveal the existence of planned places of worship with exquisitely designed masonry oil lamps

In Williamson Sangma museum, Shillong deities of Ganesh, Parvati, Kubera and Yaksha have been preserved The terracotta tiles and their stylistic taste and the existence of the stupa in Bhaitbari has forced the scholars somehow to conclude that this ancient fortified city may be contemporaneous to the reign of Harsha Vardhana, i.e., to the first half of the 7th Centry A.D The sites still stand as a challenge for those historians and scholars who have the will and

courage to dig out its historic truth for the knowledge of the present and the benefit of the future

The site has not been properly promoted hence very few devotees, tourist and scholars visit this area It demands an immediate attention, recognition, publicity and research

It is only after the excavation of the 'inhabited' or 'residential' area can anything concrete be said about the history of the place

AUTHOR: Saidul may-rewrite-NE-history.html

Khanhttp://www.thecheers.org/Culture/article_2809_Proposed-excavations-See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/10/indus-script-and-cross-cultural.html

Hồ sơ hiện vật Ekamukhalinga vừa được Thủ tướng Chính phủ công nhận là bảo vật quốc gia

Ekamukhalinga Champa recognised as a national treasure

Report 16.01/2015

http://www.vietnamtourism.com/index.php/news/items/13364

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Linga National Museum Cambodia

Sivalingam Pasupathinath temple, Nepal

Sahasra Linga - Sirsi Sahasra Linga is located 17 kilometres from Sirsi in the northern part of Karnataka known as Uttara Kannada

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Vishnu in the 1000 siva linga river, Cambodia Siem Reap, Angkor

Siva linga Bali

Linga and Yoni, Vietnam

Dọc t eo lối đi có biểu tượng Linga, nét đặc trưng trong ăn óa Cham gallery

Lombok Museum

p ồn t ực của người C ăm.

Bảo tàng Điêu khắc Chăm - Thành phố Đà Nẵng

www.chammuseum.danang.vn1800 × 2100Search by image

Thần Ganesha (tượng ngồi)

Museum of Cham Sculpture - Da Nang

Ganesha (seated statue)

http://www.chammuseum.danang.vn/TabID/62/CID/28/ItemID/349/default.aspx

Evidence on Champa temple and worship of Mukha linga

Một linga ìn trụ ba tầng (ảnh của tác giả chụp tại Bảo Tàng Viện Quốc gia Bangkok, Thái

Lan) A three-storey cylindrical linga (Photo by the author shooting at the National Museum

Bangkok, Thailand)

https://bacsinguyenxuanquang.wordpress.com/2014/09/26/nghia-kien-trc-thp-champa-phan-2-v-het/

Mukhalinga được khai quật Mukhalinga excavated

Danh sách các bảo vật quốc gia của Việ

Bia Vĩnh Lăng Lam Kinh (thời Lê, hiện lưu giữ tại Khu di tích lịch sử Lam Kinh, huyện Thọ Xuân, tỉnh Thanh Hóa) Trans List of national treasures of Vie

Trụ thiên Trà Kiệu (linga-yoni) hay còn gọi là Đài thờ Trà Kiệu cũng là

01 trong 30 báu vật quốc gia đã được Thủ tướng công nhận đợt 1 (ngày 1/10/2012) http://dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=30424&cn_id=547178

Chiếc linga có chiều cao đến 51cm, ngang 24cm, nặng hơn 9kg và được đúc rỗng dày 5mm

Bronze Siva linga The linga to 51cm in height, 24cm horizontal, 9kg heavier and 5mm thick

molded hollow

- Xem thêm: Lần đầu tiên phát hiện linga bằng đồng - Tin van hoa, http://vietbao.vn/Van-hoa/Lan-

dau-tien-phat-hien-linga-bang-dong/40014291/181/

Tin nhanh Việt Nam ra thế giới vietbao.vn

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Mukhalinga có trang trí hình tượng thần, chất liệu đá (Thế

kỷ 6-7) Mukhalinga decorated with statues, stone material

(Century 6-7)

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http://bnstravel.com/blog/consciousness-of-ancient-people-in-southern-highlands/

Vị trí: Mỹ Sơn thuộc xã Duy Phú, huyện Duy Xuyên, tỉnh Quảng Nam cách thành phố Ðà Nẵng khoảng 70km về phía tây nam, cách Trà Kiệu khoảng 10km về phía tây trong một thung lũng kín đáo

Ðặc điểm: Mỹ Sơn là thánh địa Ấn Độ giáo của vương quốc Chămpa Những đền thờ chính ở

Mỹ Sơn thờ một bộ Linga hoặc hình tượng của thần Siva - Ðấng bảo hộ của các dòng vua

Chămpa

Location: Duy Phu Son commune, Duy Xuyen district, Quang Nam Danang way about 70km south-west, about 10km from Tra Kieu west in a secret valley

Features: My Son Sanctuary is Hindu kingdom of Champa The main temple at My Son worship

an image or Linga of Siva - who protected the king of Champa lines

Biểu tượng sex truyền thống của Việt Nam

Tín ngưỡng phồn thực tồn tại suốt hàng nghìn năm lịch sử VN, thể hiện ở hai dạng thức: thờ cơ quan sinh dục và thờ hành vi giao phối, với các hiện vật biểu tượng sex truyền thống rất độc đáo

Biểu tượng linga à yoni lớn n ất k u ực Đông Nam Á được tìm t ấy tại Cát tiên Linga and yoni symbol largest in Southeast Asia was found in Cat Tien.THỨ SÁU, 22 THÁNG 7 2011

15:14 SGTT

CATTIEN NATIONAL PARKBạn sẽ tham quan kinh đô cổ có niên đại khoảng từ thế kỷ thứ III đến thế kỷ thứ VI Tại đây, còn lưu giữ một bộ ngẫu tượng Linga - Yoni bằng đá xám

được xem là lớn nhất khu vực Đông Nam Á Năm 1997, khu di tích này được công nhận là di tích lịch sử - văn hoá cấp quốc gia và đang được đề nghị công nhận là di sản văn hoá thế giới Trans YOU WILL VISIT THE ANCIENT CAPITAL DATING FROM THE THIRD CENTURY TO THE SIXTH CENTURY HERE, HAVE A NICE SET OF IDOLS LINGA - YONI STONE GRAY IS CONSIDERED THE LARGEST IN SOUTHEAST ASIA IN 1997, THIS MONUMENT IS RECOGNIZED AS HISTORICAL - CULTURAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS AND IS BEING PROPOSED FOR RECOGNITION AS WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE

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Tín ngưỡng thờ sinh thực khí là một trong những tín ngưỡng độc đáo của người Chăm được biểu tượng hóa bằng hình tượng Yoni tròn kết hợp với khối trụ gọi là Linga, thờ cúng âm lực, coi âm vật của phụ nữ là nguồn gốc sáng tạo của muôn loài…

http://kienthuc.net.vn/di-san/ky-bi-bieu-tuong-sinh-san-lon-nhat-dong-nam-a-o-vn-228328.html

Linga trụ tròn cắm trên yoni uông ở Mỹ Sơn Ở tượng này, yoni có ạng ình vuông (ảnh của

tác giả).Linga cylindrical plug on square yoni at My Son In this object, the yoni is square (photo

by the author)

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Linga trụ tròn cắm trên yoni có ìn ạ con tròn ( à ìn âm đạo ìn omega) Ở tượng này, yoni còn giữ ạng nòng nọc, âm ương nguyên t ủy Lưu ý trong âm đạo có ìn một con tin trùng! Trans Linga cylindrical shaped plug on the uterus round yoni (vagina shaped formation and omega) In this object, the yoni retain tadpole shape, the original negative positive Note the shape of a vagina with sperm!

c%E1%BB%A7a-banh-d%E1%BA%A7y-banh-ch%C6%B0ng/

https://bacsinguyenxuanquang.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/y-nghia-dich-th%E1%BB%B1c-Discovered in Vietnam: Bí ẩn Cát Tiên Trans Mystery Cat Tien

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Tháp Dương Long, Tây Sơn, Bình Định Tháp ngà Duong Long towers, Tay Son, Binh Dinh ivory tower

Linga – ngẫu tượng phồn thực được tìm thấy ở Cát Tiên Linga - fertility idols found in Cat Tien