Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh

Usage: - Thì HTTD diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở hiện tại thờng có các trạng từ : now, right now, at the moment, at present.. - Thì HTHT diễn tả hành độ

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

ÔN TẬP NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI

Trong trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều hoặc động từ số ít.

/ s / Khi đi sau các phụ âm điếc (voiceless consonants): /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ ,//,/h/

Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books

/ iz / Khi đi sau một phụ âm rít : /z/, /s/, /dz/, / t∫/, / ∫ /, /z/ Hoặc các chữ cái: s, x, z, ch,

sh, ce, ge Ex: washes , kisses , oranges…

/ z / Không thuộc hai loại trên Ex: bags , kids , days …

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ:

- Chữ s đọc /z /sau các từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison

-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ sugar,sure

Exercise

1 A proofs B books C points D days

2 A asks B breathes C breaths D hopes

4 A tombs B lamps C brakes D invites

8 A shoots B grounds C concentrates D forests

10 A hours B fathers C dreams D thinks

11 A beds B doors C plays D students

13 A boxes B classes C potatoes D finishes

14 A relieves B invents C buys D deals

15 A dreams B heals C kills D tasks

16 A resources B stages C preserves D focuses

17 A carriages B whistles C assures D costumes

18 A offers B mounts C pollens D swords

19 A miles B words C accidents D names

20 A sports B households C minds D plays

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI

Đây là hình thức Past tensen và Past participle:

1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided

2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫, h ,/ hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :.Ex: asked; stopped;

laughed

3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : Ex: moved; played; raised

Ngọai lệ : Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked,ragged,

dogged,wicked, crooked,sacred,supposedly,

Exercise

4 A devoted B suggested C provided D wished

5 A catched B crashed C occupied D coughed

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

7 A measured B pleased C distinguished D managed

9 A imprisoned B pointed C shouted D surrounded

10 A a.failed B reached C absored D solved

11 A invited B attended C celebrated D díplayed

12 A removed B washed C hoped D missed

13 A looked B laughed C moved D.stepped

14 A wanted B.parked C stopped D.watched

15 A laughed B passed C suggested D placed

16 A.believed B prepared C involved D liked

17 A.lifted B lasted C happened D decided

18 A collected B changed C formed D viewed

19 A walked B entertained C reached D looked

20 A.admired B looked C missed D hoped

BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC :

1 A heat B scream C meat D dead

2 A breakfast B teacher C east D please

3 A thrilling B other C through D something

4 A idea B going C will D trip

5 A face B place C prepared D days

6 A Germany B garden C gate D gas

7 A scholarship B Christ C school D chicken

8 A house B harm C hour D husband

9 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat

10 A head B ready C mean D weather

11 A choir B cheap C child D chair

12 A charge B child C teacher D champagne

13 A reason B clear C mean D each

14 A motion B question C mention D fiction

15 A gather B good C large D again

16 A change B children C machine D church

17 A write B writer C writing D written

18 A share B rare C are D declare

19 A apply B university C identity D early

20 A choice B achieve C each D chemistry

STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm

1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố(prefix) và hậu tố (suffix)

 ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather

* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway

Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement

V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự

chống cự)

V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) => em'ployer( chủ lao

động)

V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor

V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin)

V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval

V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( sự giao hàng)

V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu kiện)

V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standingadj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nhìn chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign , en'joy

3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thỡ

Động từ : trọng õm thường rơi vào õm tiết thứ 2

Danh từ : trọng õm thường rơi vào õm tiết thứ 1

EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse

* Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)

4/ Trọng õm thường rơi vào trước cỏc hậu tố (suffixes ) sau đõy một vần : -ION, -IC, -IAL , -ICAL, -UAL,

-ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY

EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential,

ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television

5) Trọng õm rơi vào cỏc vần cuối sau đõy: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -AIRE, -SELF,

-ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon

*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…

STRESS

1 a pollute b contractual c reject d marvellous

2 a mechanic b military c apologize d miraculous

3 a compulsory b intensity c kidding d invaluable

4 a nursery b focus c delicate d secure

5 a curriculum b kindergarten c contaminate d.conventional

6 A apology B industrial C Industry D Disaster

7 A interview B certificate C.applicant D primary

8 A certificate B apartment C individual D biology

9 A scientific B availlable C suspicious D supportive

10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

11 A importance B subtraction C algebra D example

12 A aspect B careful C require D successful

13 A terrific B applicant C banking D ignorant

14 A recognize B challenge C symbolize D Continue

15 A continent B belong C master D access

16 A appalling B ashamed C November D architect

17 A policeman B cinema C overcoat D politics

18 A competition B intelligent C automation D information

19 A accountant B Arabic C Germany D chemistry

20 A attention B interesting C influence D Television

Verb tenses

I The present simple tense ( Thỡ hiện tại đơn )

1 Form : S ( I / we / you / they) + V

S ( he / she / it) + Vs/es

S + Be( am / is / are)

- Thì HTĐG diễn tả một thói quen, một hành động xảy ra thờng xuyên lặp di lặp lại ở hiện tại

eg I watch T.V every night.

- Thì HTĐG diễn tả một chân lý , một sự thật hiển nhiên

eg The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America.

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

- Thì HTĐG đợc dùng khi ta nói về thời khóa biểu ( timetables), chơng trình

(programmes)

eg The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m.

The film begins at 8 p.m.

- Thì HTĐG dùng sau những cụm từ chỉ thời gian : when, as soon as, và những cụm từ chỉ điều kiện : if, unless.

eg When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach.

You won’t get good marks unless you work hard.

3 Adverbs:

Often= usually= frequently, always= constantly, sometimes

=occasionally, seldom= rarely,

everyday/ week/ month

II The present continuous tense( Thỡ hiện tại tiếp diễn )

1 Form : S + Be ( am / is / are) +V ing

2 Usage:

- Thì HTTD diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở hiện tại( thờng có các trạng

từ : now, right now, at the moment, at present.)

eg The children are playing football now.

- Thì HTTD cũng thờng đợc dùng theo sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh

eg Be quiet! The baby is sleeping.

Note :Không dùng thì HTTD với các động từ chỉ nhận thức , tri giác nh : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize,

seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe

( Với các động từ này ta thay bằng thì HTĐG.)

eg She wants to go for a walk at the moment.

SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Thỡ Simple Present được dựng để chỉ 1 hành động diễn ra trong 1 thời gian noớ chung khụng nhất thiết phải

là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian núi chung là thời gian ma sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuần

(every week), mỗi thỏng (every month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mựa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…

- He goes to school every day.

- Mrs Brown travels every summer.

* Thỡ Present Continuous được dựng để chỉ 1 hành động đang xảy ra (a current activity) hay một

sự việc chỳng

ta đang làm bõy giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), hụm nay (today), tuaàn này (this

week), năm nay (this year)…

- We are learning English now.

- Mary is playing the piano at the moment.

Hóy so sỏnh : - I work in a bakery every day.

- I’m working in a bakery this week.

*

chỳ ý :

(1) + Thỡ Simple Present thường được dựng với cỏc động từ chỉ tri giỏc (verbs of perception) như :feel,

see, hear… và cỏc động từ chỉ trạng thỏi như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need,

want, remember, recognize, believe…

+ Ngoài ra chỳng ta cũn dựng thỡ Simple Present với cỏc động từ : be, appear, belong, have to…

+ Thỡ Simple Present cũn được dựng với cỏc trạng từ chỉ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…

- That child needs care.

- This book belongs to me.

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

- He never comes late.

+ Chỳng ta cũng dựng thỡ Simple Present để chỉ 1 chõn lớ hay 1 sự thật hiển nhiờn (a general truth).

- The sun rises in the east.

- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.

(2) Thỡ Present Continuous cũng được dựng để chỉ hành động ở 1 tương lai gần (a near future action)

Với cỏc trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…

III The present perfect tense

1. Form : S + have / has + P II

2. Usage :

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra, vừa mới kết thúc, thờng đi với trạng từ “just”

eg We have just bought a new car.

- Thì HTHT diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ , còn kéo dài đến hiện tại và có khả năng tiếp

tục ở tơng lai

eg You have studied English for five years.

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động xaỷ ra trong quá khứ mà không biết rõ thời gian

eg I have gone to Hanoi.

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động đợc lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần ở quá khứ

eg We have seen Titanic three times.

- Thì HTHT dùng sau những từ so sánh ở cấp cao nhất.( trong lời bình phẩm)

eg It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

- Thì HTHT dùng với This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time

eg This is the first time I’ve lost my way.

-Thì HTHT dùng với This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term

khi những thời gian

này vẫn còn trong lúc nói

eg I haven’t seen Joana this morning Have you seen her?

Note : - Gone to khác với Been to.

eg Marry has gone to Paris(đang ở hoặc đang trên đờng đến

- yet: cha (dùng trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn)

- since :từ khi( chỉ thời điểm mà hành động bắt đầu)

- for : khoảng(chỉ khoảng thời gian của hành động )

- so far =until now =up to now =up to the present : cho đến nay,

cho đến tận bây giờ

** Thì HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving Sử dụng tơng tự thì HTHT nhng muốn nhấn mạnh tính liên tục

của hành động

eg You have been learning English for 5 years

IV The past simple tense

1 Form : S + V- ed (regular /irregular )

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

2 Usage : _Thì QKĐG diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, đã chấm

dứt và biết rõ thời gian eg I went to the cinema last night.

3 Adverbs : last : yesterday ago :

** - Khi đổi sang dạng phủ định và nghi vấn nhớ đa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu

(vừa xong), lately (mụựi ủaõy)

- Have you ever seen a tiger ?

- The train has not arrived yet.

- We have lived here for 6 years.

- The bell has just rung.

(2) * Thỡ Simple Past thường dựng với những cụm từ sau: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last

month, last year, last summer, ago.

- We came here a month ago.

- He went to the cinema yesterday.

* Thỡ Simple Past dựng để kể lại một chuỗi hành động kế tiếp nhau trong quỏ khứ

- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.

V The past continuous tense :

1 Form : S + was/ were + V ing.

2 Usage : - Hành động đang xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở quá khứ.

eg Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the

afternoon.

- Hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

eg We were learning English at 9 a.m last Sunday.

- Hành động đang xảy ra( ở quá khứ ) thì có một hành động khác xen vào.(hđ đang xảy ra dùng thì QKTD , hđ xen vào dùng thì QKĐG )

eg When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast.

- Hai hành động xảy ra song song cùng một lúc ở quá khứ

eg Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book.

Note: không dùng thì này với các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri giác( thay bằng QKĐG).

3 Adverbs:- at 4p.m yesterday - at this time last Sunday

SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINUOUS + Thỡ Simple Past (quỏ khứ đơn) được dựng để diễn tả một hành động xẩy và và kết thỳc trong quỏ khứ cú

đề cập thời gian

- I met him in the street yesterday.

+ Thỡ Past Continuous (quỏ khứ tiếp diễn) diễn tả một hành động xẩy ra kộo dài trong quỏ khứ

- I met him while he was crossing the street.

- She was going home when she saw an accident.

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

+ Thỡ Past Continuous diễn tả một hành động xẩy ra kộo dài trong quỏ khứ tại một thời điểm xỏc định

hoặc hai hành động cựng diễn ra song song

- My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.

- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV

VI The past perfect tense ( Thỡ quỏ kh ứ hoàn thành )

1.Form : S + had + PII

2 Usage :Diễn tả một hành động trong quá khứ xảy ra trớc một thời gian cụ thể

hoặc trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ.( Nếu trong câu có hai hành động quá khứ , hđ nào xảy ra trớc ta dùng QKHT, hđ nào sau ta dùng QKĐG)

eg They had live here before 1985.

After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed.

VII The past perfect continuous tense ( Thỡ quỏ kh ứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn )

1.Form: S + had been + Ving

2 Usage : Diễn tả một hành động quá khứ đã xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến khi

hành động quá khứ thứ hai

xảy ra ( hđ thứ hai dùng QKĐG).Khoảng thời gian kéo dài thờng đợc nêu rõ trong câu

eg The boys had been playing football for 2 hours before I came

PAST PERFECT ,PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thỡ Past Perfect Continuous (quỏ khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn) dựng để nhấn mạnh tớnh liờn tục

của một hành động trước khi một hành động khỏc xẩy ra :hóy so sỏnh.

- She had been studying English before she came here for classes.

(hành động had been studying xẩy ra liờn tục cho tới khi hành động came for classes xẩy ra ).

- She had studied English before she came for classes.

(hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)

Hóy so sỏnh :

- It had been raining when I got up this morning (mưa chấm dứt khi tụi thức dậy.)

- It was raining when I got up this morning (mưa vẫn cũn khi tụi thức dậy)

VIII The simple future tense ( Thỡ t ươ ng lai đ ơ n giản)

1 Form : S + will/ shall + V bare infi.

2 Usage: - Dùng khi ta quyết định làm một điều gì đó vào lúc nói.

eg You will give your sentences now.

- Dùng để yêu cầu, đề nghị ai đó làm gì

eg Will you shut the door.

- Dùng để đồng ý hoặc từ chối làm gì

eg: A:I need some money

B:Don’t worry I’ll lend you some

- Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều gì

eg:I promise I’ll call you when I arrive

- Dùng shall I và shall we để đề nghị hoặc gợi ý

eg Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema?

- Dùng I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll khi ta quyết làm / ko làm

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

1 Form: S + Be + Going to + V bare infi (dự định sẽ )

S + Be +V ing (sắp sửa )

2 Usage :- Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai gần có dự định

tr-ớc( thờng trong câu không

có trạng từ chỉ thời gian )

eg They are going to repaint the school

-Diễn tả sự tiên đoán, sự kiện chắc chắn xảy ra ở tơng lai vì có dấu hiệu hay chứng cứ ở hiện tại

- eg Tom’s a good student He’s going to pass the final exam Look at those clouds It’s going to rain.

X The future continuous tense (Thỡ t ươ ng lai tiếp diễn)

1 Form: S + will / shall + Be + V ing.

2 Usage : - Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác

định trong tơng lai

eg I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight.

- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra ở tơng lai thì có một hành

động khác xảy ra

eg I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening.

SIMPLE FUTURE & FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thỡ Simple Future (tương lai đơn ) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (coự hoaởc khoõng coự thụứi gian

xaực ủũnh ụỷ

tửụng lai); coứn thỡ Future Continuous (Tửụng Lai Tieỏp Dieón) dieón taỷ moọt haứnh ủoọng lieõn tieỏn taùi

ủieồm thụứi gian

xaực ủũnh ụỷ tửụng lai.

- He will go to the stadium next Sunday.

- We will / shall have the final test.

Haừy so saựnh :

- I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow (Vaứo luực 6 giụứ saựng mai, toõi seừ

baột ủaàu duứng bửừa ủieồm taõm.)

- I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow (Vaứo luực 6 giụứ saựng mai,

toõi seừ ủang duứng bửừa ủieồm taõm.)

+ Trong caực meọnh ủeà traùng tửứ chổ thụứi gian (adverb clause of time) hay meọnh ủeà ủieàu kieọn (adverb clause

of condition), thỡ Simple Present ủửụùc duứng ủeồ thay theỏ cho thỡ Simple Future.

- I shall not go until I see him.

- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it.

+ Chuự yự : WILL coứn ủửụùc duứng cho taỏt caỷ caực ngoõi.

XI The future perfect tense (Thỡ t ươ ng lai hoàn thành )

1 Form : S + will + have +PII

2 Usage : - Diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn tất vào một thời điểm

cho trớc ở tơng lai

Thờng dùng các cụm từ chỉ thời gian nh : By (+mốc thời gian ), By the time , By then.

eg We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock.

When you come back, I’ll have had lunch.

XII The future perfect continuous tense (Thỡ t ươ ng lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

1 Form: S + will + have been + Ving

2 Usage : - Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ và kéo dài đến

một thời điểm cho trớc ở tơng lai Thờng dùng các cụm từ chỉ thời gian

nh :

By for(+ khoảng thời gian), By the time , By then.

eg By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years.

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

SO SANH THè FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THè FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thỡ Future Perfect (Tửụng Lai Hoaứn Thaứnh) ủửụùc duứng ủeồ chổ moọt haứnh ủoọng

seừ hoaứn thaứnh trửụực moọt

haứnh ủoọng khaực trong tửụng lai hay moọt ủieồm thụứi gian ụỷ tửụng lai.

- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing.

- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years.

+ ẹeồ nhaỏn maùnh tớnh lieõn tuùc cuỷa haứnh ủoọng, chuựng ta duứng thỡ Future Perfect Continuous (Tửụng Lai

Hoaứn Thaứnh Tieỏp Dieón).

- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through

Russia.

- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years

**Sequence of tenses :( sự phối hợp về thì )

Trong câu có hai mệnh đề trở lên , các động từ phải có sự phối hợp về thì

1 Sự phối hợp của các động từ trong mệnh đề chính(main clause) và mệnh đề phụ ( subordinate clause) nh sau :

Main clause Subordinate clause

- Present perfect

- Present continuous

- Simple future/ Near future

- Simple past (nếu tgian xđịnh ở qkhứ)

- Past perfect

- Past continuous

- Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare infi.

- Simple present (nếu dtả một chân lý)

eg Marry says she’ll come here next Sunday.

People have said that London has fog.

2 Sự phối hợp của các động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian nh sau:

Main clause Adverbial clause of time

2 Past tenses - Past tenses

+ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thờng đợc bắt đầu với các từ nối sau:

- when: - until:

- whenever : - just as :ngay khi

- as: - since:

- while: - no sooner than: ngay khi

- before: - hardly when: khó khi

- after: - as long as: chừng nào, cho đến khi

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

- as soon as:

- till:

eg You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises When I came there, it was raining hard.

I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V.

+ Note:- Không đợc dùng thì tơng lai (Future tenses) trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ( có thể thay bằng thì hiện tại)

eg If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home.

- Trong trờng hợp dùng từ nối Since lu ý:

S +V( present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved.

eg You have been studying English since you came here.

EXERCISES A

I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1 She (not work)………., she (swim) ……….in the river

2 Why Ann (not wear) ……… her new dress?

3 You can't see Tom now: he (have) ……… a bath

4 He usually (drink) ……… coffee but today he (drink) ……… tea

5 – What she (do) ………… in the evenings?

– She usually (play) ………cards or (watch)……… TV

6 She (stand) … at the bus stop I asked her what bus she (wait) …… for

7 When I arrived , the lecture had already started and the professor (write) ……… on the overhead projector

8 I didn't want to meet Paul , so when he entered the room I (leave) ………

9 He (watch) ……… TV when the phone rang Very unwillingly he (turn) ………… down the sound and (go) ……… to answer it

10 – This is my house

– How long you (live)……… here?

– I (live) ………here since 1970

11 He (live) …… in London for two years and then (go) … to Edinburgh

12 I (not see) ……… him for three years I wonder where he is

13 I can't go out because I (not finish) ……… my work

14 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) ……… them

15 You (have) …… breakfast yet? – Yes, I (have) ……… it at 8.00

16 – You (be) ……… here before?

– Yes, I (spend) ……… my holidays here last year

– You (have) ……… a good time?

– No, it never (stop) ……… raining

17 – Where you (go) …… for your holidays this year? – I (go)… to Holland

18 They (get) ……… married next week

19 – You (do) … anything tonight? – Yes, I (go) … to my carpentry class

20 It (rain)……… Look at those clouds

21 You (have) ……… time to help me tomorrow?

22 – Did you remember to book seats? – Oh no, I forgot I (telephone) ……… for them now

23 – He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg

– I'm sorry to hear that I (send) ……… him some grapes

24 I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) ……… to type

25 I see that you have got a loom You (do) ………… some weaving?

II Multiple choices

1 She Hanoi last year

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A went B go C goes D is going

2 Now you from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours

A are flying B would fly C will fly D can fly

3 When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television

A was calling- watched B called- have watched

C called- was watching D had called- watched

4 By the time next summer, you your studies

A completes B will complete

C are completing D will have completed

5 Right now, Jim the newspaper and Kathy dinner

A reads- has cooked B is reading- is cooking

C has read- was cooking D read- will be cooking

6 Last night at this time, they the same thing She and he the newspaper

A are doing- is cooking- is reading B were doing- was cooking- was reading

C was doing- has cooked- is reading D had done- was cooking- read

7 – Hurry up! We’re waiting for you What’s taking you so long? – I ……… for an important phone

call Go ahead and leave without me

A wait B will wait C am waiting D have waited

8 – Robert is going to be famous someday He ……… in three movies already – I’m sure he’ll be a star.

A has been appearing B has appeared C had appeared D appeared

9 – Hello? Alice? This is Jeff How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I ………… about you when the

phone rang

A was just thinking B just thought

C have just been thinking D was just thought

10 – What …… about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one.

A are you thinking B do you think

C have you thought D have you been thinking

11 – Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? – I ………a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.

A make B will make C am going to make D will have made

12 – Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I …… my keys.

A found B will find C find D am finding

13 While I ……… TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.

A watch B watched C was watching D am watching

14 The earth ……… on the sun for its heat and light.

A is depend B depending C has depend D depends

15 I don’t feel good I ……… home from work tomorrow.

A am staying B stay C will have stayed D stayed

16 I’ve been in this city for a long time I ……… here sixteen years ago.

A have come B was coming C came D had come

17 – May I speak to Dr Paine, please? – I’m sorry, he ……… a patient at the moment Can I help you?

A is seeing B sees C has been seeing D was seeing

18 – Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes …… for at least 30 minutes.

A are boiling B have been boiling C boiling D were boiling

19 My family loves this house It ……….the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago.

A was B has been C is D will be

20 I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind By the time you’re an adult, you

………… all about it

A forget B will have forgotten C will forget D forgot

21 The little girl started to cry She ……… her doll, and no one was able to find it for her.

A has lost B had lost C was losing D was lost

22 I much of you lately We three months ago

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A haven’t seen- last meet B didn’t see- met

C haven’t seen- have meet D didn’t see- have met

23 The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy

A made- brought B have made- brought

C made- had brought D had been making- brought

24 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the audience

A just finished- were clapping B had just finished- had clapped

C had just finished- were clapping D just finished- had clapped

25 He his job last month and then he out of work

A lost- was B was lost- had been C has lost- was D lost- has been

26 Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached She ……… at the computer for five straight hours

Finally, she took a break

A is sitting B has been sitting C was sitting D had been sitting

27 In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable

A become B has become C became D will became

28 In the 19th century, it two or three months to across North America by covered wagon

A took B had taken C had been taken D was taking

29 Sam to change a light bulb when he and

A was trying -slipped- fell B tried- was slipping- falling

C had been trying- slipped- was falling D has tried- slips- falls

30 In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal in the last

hundred and fifty years

A was- have changed B is- change

C had been- will change D has been- changed

EXERCISES B

Exercise 3: Choose the best answer:

1 When I got home I found that water down the kitchen walls

A ran B was running C has run D had been running

2 After he his English course, he went to England to continue his study

A has finish B had finished C was finished D would finish

3 How since we college?

A are you- left B were you- left C have you been- have left D have you been- left

4 I much of you lately We three months ago

A haven’t seen- last met B didn’t see- met C haven’t seen- have meet D didn’t see- have met

5 The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy

A made- brought B have made- brought C made- had brought D had been making- brought

6 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the audience

A just finished- were clapping B had just finished- had clapped

C had just finished- were clapping D just finished- had clapped

7 He his job last month and then he out of work

A lost- was B was lost- had been C has lost- was D lost- has been

8 In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable

9 In the 19th century, it two or three months to across North America by covered wagon

A took B had taken C had been taken D was taking

10 In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal in the lasthundred and fifty years

A was- have changed B is- change C had been- will change D has been- changed

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer:

1 John …………tennis once or twice a week

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A usually B is usually playing C usually plays D have usually played

2 It was noisy next door Our neighbors ……….a party

A had B were having C had had D have had

3 It …………dark Shall I turn on the light ?

A is getting B get C got D has got

4 Tom: ‘I ……… for Christine Do you know where she is ?’

David: ‘She has gone out.’

A look B looked C am looking D looks

5 Nga: ‘What were you doing at 7 o’clock yesterday evening?’

Huong: ‘I ……….my clothes.’

A am ironing B have ironed C ironed D was ironing

6 Cavin:“Are you ready , Ann ?”

Ann: “ Yes , I ……….”

A am coming B come C came D have came

7 Why ……….at me like that ? What’s the matter ?

A do you look B have you looked C did you look D are you looking

8 I …………along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me

A was walking B am walking C walk D walked

9 She ……….German for two years

A has learnt B is learning C learn D learns

10 The earth ……….round the Sun

11 I come from Canada Where ………you ……….from ?

A do – come B did – come C are – coming D have come

12 When I last ………Jane , she ……… to find a job

A see – trying B saw – was trying C have seen – tried D saw – tried

13 ……….you go to the dentist ?

A How often are B How often do C How often does D How are

14 Ann ………tea very often

A doesn’t drink B don’t drink C didn’t drink D hasn’t drunken

15 It’s a nice day I ………we go out for a walk

A suggested B suggest C is suggesting D are suggesting

16 Now I ……….for what I said about you It wasn’t true and shouldn’t have said it

A do apologize B apologized C was apologized D apologizing

17 Tim was tired He ……… hard all day

A has been studying B studies C studied D had been studying

18 Bad driving often ……….many accidents

A caused B cause C causes D has caused

19 The Olympic Games ………every four years

A take place B takes place C took place D is taking place

20 What time ……… the banks close in Britain ?

21 Look ! That man ……… to open the door of your car

A try B tried C is trying D has tried

22 When I was young , I ………… to be a singer

A want B was wanting C wanted D had wanted

23 I ………lots about the job so far

A have learnt B am learning C had learnt D learn

24 I ……… here at the end of the month

A will leave B would leave C would have left D is leaving

25 I hope every thing ………fine

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

26 I ……….my son the money for that last week

A gave B given C have given D was given

27 Yesterday I passed by Peter’s house , but the front door was closed He ……….out

A went B must have gone C has gone D had gone

28 Where ………you at 9.00 last night , Mr Green ?

A have been B were C will be D are

29 I …………the dishwasher on when heard the shot

A am turning B was turned C was turning D turned

30 There was a time when watching T.V really ………family entertainment

31 Daniel ……… the bus It doesn’t run on Sundays

A did not catch B have not caught

C had not caught D couldn’t have caught

32 We didn’t play well We ……… better

A should have played B should play

C have played D have been playing

33 I think you ……….pay to park here I’ll just go and read that notice

34 I think you should have that coat ……….soon

A cleaned B being cleaned C cleaning D to clean

35 I’m feeling sick I ………so much chocolate last night

A needn’t to eat B did not eat

C mustn’t eat D shouldn’t have eaten

36 I’m going on holiday on Saturday This time next week I ……….on a beach in the sea

A will lie B am lying C will be lying D should be lying

37 Tomorrow I ……… my grandparents

A am going to visit B will have visited C have visited D visit

38 When their first child was born , they ……….married for three years

A have been B had been C will be D will have been

39 She ………very angry when she knows this

A shall be B has been C will have been D will be

40 We …………a party last Saturday It was great – we invited lots of people

A have B have had C had D had had

41 I was sad when I sold my car I ……….….it for a very long time

A am running ` B were running

C had been running D have been running

42 We were extremely tired at the end of the journey We …….for more than 24 hours

A.had been traveling B were traveling C have traveled D traveled

43 The house was very quiet when I got home Everybody ………straight to bed

A.had gone B have gone C went D go

44 The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous because he ……… before

A hasn’t flown B didn’t fly C hadn’t flown D wasn’t flying

45 ………a car when they were living in London ?

C Were they having D Have they had

46 The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody ………

A manages to escape B managed to escape C was escaping D can escape

47 There ‘s plenty of time You ………hurry

A don’t have to B mustn’t C have not to D won’t

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

48 A few days ago , I ………that Jane ………for New York

A learn – had left B learned – had left

C learned – has left D learn – will leave

49 Tom writes very quickly He’s ………finished his essays

50 How …………have you known each other ?

51 He has been selling motorcycles ………

A ten years ago B since ten years C for last ten years D for ten years

52 He fell down when he …… towards the church

A run B runs C was running D were running

53 Sorry , I can’t stop now I ………… to an important appointment

A go B am going C have gone D was going

54 They …… serving meals by the time we get to the restaurant

A will stop B stopped C are stopping D will have stopped

55 Mark was listening to music while his sister ……….a book

A read B reads C is reading D was reading

56 You ………… here for my party , won’t you ?

A shall be B won’t be C will be D are going to be

57 Can you borrow your bike on Monday ? – I’m sorry , but ………it

A I’ll be using B used C use D have used

58 There’s no more apples We ……… them all

A had eaten B ate C eat D have eaten

59 She ………music all day Now she feels tired

A has been playing B is playing C played D plays

60 After he ………the house , he wrote a letter

A cleans B was cleaning C had cleaned D has cleaned

61 The books , an English dictionary and a chemistry text , …………on the shelf yesterday

62 There ………… ten people in line already when we arrived

63 Either of these buses ……….past the university

A go B have gone C gone D goes

64 Neither Canada nor Mexico ……… that citizens of the United States have passports

A requires B require C requiring D to require

65 The staff ………in the conference room at the moment

A are meeting B were meeting C meet D is meeting

66 Mathematics ……….very interesting to me

A are B have been C were D is

67 I ……… to New York three times this year

A have been B were C has been D was

68 Diana is a wonderful tennis player She ……….……since she was at high school

A has been practising B is practising

C has been practised D was practised

69 This is the most difficult class ………

A.I’ve never taken B I’m ever taking

C I used to take ever since D I’ve ever taken

70 By the end of next year, Mr Park …………for this company for 35 years

A will work B will have worked

C will be working D has worked

I don’t care whether ……… or not

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A his coming B he comes C does he come D will he come

72 She listened so attentively that not a word ………

A she missed B she did miss C she didn’t miss D did she miss

73 Helen and Tom _ each other since they were seven years old

A know B has known C have known D knew

74 Harry works all the time He

A never relaxes B relaxes never

C often relaxes D relaxes sometimes

75 The last time I _ swimming was when we were in Spain

A has gone B went C had gone D goes

76 How old was Catherine when she to France?

A migrated B migrate C migrates D has migrated

77 A: I hope to write my autobiography before I _ Do you think anyone would read it ?

B: Certainly!

A died B die C have died D had died

78 While I ………… TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor

A was watching B watched C watch D am watching

79 It him three months to be able to run a mile a year ago

A takes B take C took D to take

80 World War II out in 1939

A break B will break C broke D have broken

Exercise 5 :Choose the underlined word or phrase that must be changed to make sentence correct :

81 After Mrs Wang had returned to her house from work, she was cooking dinner

A returned B to her house C from work D was cooking

82 Debbie, whose father is an excellent tennis player, has been playing tennis since ten years

A.whose father B.player C has been D.since

83 Linda has worn her new yellow dress only once since she buys it

A worn B.new yellow C only once D buys

84.I have seen lots of interesting places when I went on holiday last summer

A have seen B lots C interesting D went

85 When my cat heard a noise in the bushes, she stopped moving and listens intently

A.heard B.moving C.listens D intently

86 The police arrested the man while he is having dinner in a restaurant

A.The police B.while C is having D.in

87 Peter and Wendy first met in 2006, and they are married for three years now

A.first B in 2006 C are D now

88 The boss laughed when the secretary has told him that she really needed a pay rise

A.has told B really C.needed D.pay

89 While I’m shopping in the supermarket, I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t met for five years

A.I’m shopping B into an old friend C hadn’t met D for five years

90 Last week Mark told me that got very bored with his present job and is looking for a new one

A.told B got C is looking D new one

MỘT VÀI CẤU TRÚC BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU CỦA THÌ

1

S + V (present perfect) … + time

It is + time … + since + S + V2/ed

Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month

It is one month since I last saw my father

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

2

S + have / has not + V 3/ed

It is the first time + S + have / has + V 3/ed

Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before

It’s the first time I have seen that man here

3 S + have / has not + V 3/ed … since (for)

S + last + V (past) … when …The last time + clause + was …Ex: I haven’t heard him since August

The last time I heard him was in August

I haven’t seen him since I was a student

I last saw him when I was a student

Choose the sentence A, B, C or D nearest in meaning to the one in italic.

91 Mr Brown was last seen in July 1928

A Mr Brown has not been able to see since July 1928

B No one has seen Mr Brown since July 1928

C Mr Brown didn’t see anyone in July 1928

D No one saw Mr Brown until July 1928

92 When the power failed, we went to a restaurant for dinner

A We had dinner at a restaurant because of a power cut

B The power failed just as we were going out for dinner

C We were having dinner at a restaurant when the power failed

D There was going to be a power cut, so we went out for dinner

93 She told me she had to be home by ten o’clock

A She told me she had to be home by ten o’clock

B.She said me it was necessary for her to get home before ten o’clock

C.She told me that she would be going home at ten o’clock

D.She said that she usually reached her home before ten o’clock

94 She hasn’t seen her family for years

A She didn’t see her family for a long time

B It’s the last time she saw her family years ago

C It’s years ago she has seen her family

D It’s years since she last saw her family

95 Could you tell me her address?

A Do you know what is her address? B You know what is her address?

C Do you know what her address is? D Did you know what her address was?

96 When did you begin to work here?

A How long did you work here? B How long did you begin working here?

C How long are you working here? D How long have you been working here?

97 I haven’t seen my aunt for years

A I haven’t met my aunt for long ago B The last time I met my aunt since years ago

C I last saw my aunt years ago D I didn’t see my aunt years ago

98 She started work three months ago

A It is three months since she started work B She had been working for three months

C She is working here for three months now D It’s three months that she worked for

99 My career as a teacher began 15 years ago

A I have been a teacher for 15 years now B I was a teacher for 15 years

C For 15 years have I been a teacher D I have started teaching for15 years now

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

100 It has always been my ambition to become a famous artist

A I wanted to become a famous artist B Always in my life do I want to become a famous artist

C I have always dreamt of becoming a famous artist

D Dreaming of becoming a famous artist, I always have that ambition

PASSIVE VOICE ( CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG )

I Form:

Active: S + V + O + ……

Passive: S + be + V3/ed + (by O) + ……

Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend

S V O

Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend

S be V3/ed by

II CÁCH ĐỔI ACTIVE VOICE SANG PASSIVE VOICE

Ex: Active sentence: Peter took this book yesterday

Passive sentence: This book was taken by Peter yesterday

Trong câu chủ động:

- Peter → Subj ; took → động từ chính (Past simple)

- this book → Obj; yesterday → trạng từ chỉ thời gian

Trong câu bi động:

- Obj ( this book) → Subj ; Subj ( Peter) →by Obj

- took (động từ chính) → taken (V 3 / VoED - Past participle)

- thêm was vì động từ chính (took) đang chia thì Past simple

A Tổng quát:

Active sentence: Subj + V + Obj

Passive sentence: Subj + BE + V3 / VoED(động từ chính) + by Obj

1- Chuyển: Obj -> Subj; Subj > by Obj (Có thể bỏ nếu by Obj không cần thiết)

2-Thêm BE và chia thì tương ứng với thì câu chủ động

Nghĩa là: Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “ To Be” phải chia ở thì đó ) Như vậy: trong câu bị động “ To Be” có vai trò chia thì, Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị

- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là danh từ chỉ vật liệu, dụng cụ -> câu bị động thay by bằng with + Obj

Ex: Moss is covering this wall -> This wall is being covered with moss

- Nếu Subj của câu chủ động là: nothing, no one, nobody -> câu bị động bỏ by Obj và ở thể phủ định Ex: No one helps me -> I am not helped.

3 Chuyển động từ chính sang -> V3 hoặc Vo ED

(Động từ chính có chức năng như một tính từ mang nghĩa bị động-không chia thì)

4 Thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động (Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì To

be phải chia ở thì đó )

5 Giữ lại động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verb) trong câu bị động nếu có.

Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to,

Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should + Vo + object

→Passive: S + will/would, shall/should + be + V3 / Vo ED (+ by object).

Ex: Police will destroy these drugs → These drugs will be destroyed by police.

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

6 Đặt trạng từ chỉ thể cách (adj + ly) trước Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có

Ex: People use English widely → English is widely used

7 Giữ nguyên giới từ sau Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) nếu có

8 Đặt trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn trước BY, trạng từ chỉ thời gian sau BY nếu có Place + by Obj + Time

Ex: Mr Pike built this school in my village last year

→ This school was built in my village by Mr Pike last year

9 Past Participle (V3 / Vo ED) as an Adjective, do đó động từ theo sau hầu hết là To infinitive

Ex: She makes me cry → I am made to cry

III NHỮNG TRƯỜNG HỢP PASSIVE VOICE ĐẶC BIỆT

1-Causative form(thể truyền khuyến):

a/Active voice: -S + Have + Obj(chỉ người) + Vo

Ex: I have him repair my bicycle

-S + Get + Obj (chỉ người) + to infi

Ex: I get him to repair my bicycle

b/Passive voice: -S + Have/Get + Obj (chỉ vật) + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: I have/get my bicycle repaired by him.

2 Sau những động từ chỉ ý kiến (verb of opinion): say, think , believe, report, rumour, know, consider, claim

Active: S1+ verb1 ( say/ believe/ think ) (that) +S2+ verb2

Passive:

Cách 1: It + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + S2 + verb 2

Cách 2: S2 + be + V3 / Vo ED (verb1) + to-infinitive (verb 2) /

to have + V3 / Vo ED (verb 2) nếu V1 khác thì V2

Ex: People say that he was crazy

→ Cách 1: It is said that he was crazy or

→ Cách 2: He is said to have been crazy.( to have been vì say và was khác thì) .

Ex: People say that money brings happiness

→ Cách 1: It is said that money brings happiness

→ Cách 2: Money is said to bring happiness.( Dùng to bring vì say và bring cùng thì)

3 Sau những động từ chỉ giác quan(verb of perception): see, hear, smell, feel, taste, watch, notice, make,

help, bid

Ex: I hear him come in -> He is heard to come in (nếu câu chủ động là coming thì giữ nguyên trong câu

bị động)

4 Imperative(câu mệnh lệnh):

Ex: a Open the door -> Let the door be opened

b They let him go out -> He was allowed to go out / He was let to go out

5 Sau những động từ: like, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, hope.

Ex: He wants KHA to take photographs→ He wants photographs to be taken by KHA

Ex: He does not like people laughing at him > He does not like being laughed at

6 Các động từ: advise, agree, insist, arrange, suggest, propose, recommend, determine, decide, demand, beg, urge, order, request

Ex: He advised me to accept this job

Cách 1: He advised me this job should be accepted

→ Cách 2: I was advised to accept this job

7- Need + to be + V3 / Vo ED = Need + Voing

Ex: Your shirt needs to be ironed / Your shirt needs ironing.

8- It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth

Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: - It is important to finish this exercise

=>It is important for this exercise to be finished

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

- It is necessary to copy this lesson

=> It is necessary for this lesson to be copied

- It is time to feed the chicken => It is time for the chicken to be fed

9- Các trường hợp khác:

Ex Please enter this way -> You are requested to enter this way

Dưới đây là vài ví dụ về cách thêm BE và chia tương ứng với thì của câu chủ động

a.The simple present: S + Vo/Ve/es → S + am/is/are/ +V3 / Vo ED

Ex: She cleans the floor everyday → Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday.

b.The present continuous: S + am/ is/ are + Vo + ing

→ S + am/ is/ are + being + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: Mr.Baker is repairing the car →Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker

c.The present perfect: S+ has/have + V3 / Vo ED

→ S+ has/have + been + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: Someone has stolen the bicycles → Passive: The bicycles have been stolen

d.The simple past: S + Vo ED/ V2 → S + was/ were + V3 / Vo ED.

Ex: Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)

→Passive: Where were the drugs found ?

e.The past continuous: (S + was/ were + V-ing )

→ S + was / were + being + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: They were preparing lunch when I came there yesterday

→ Lunch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.

f The past perfect: S+ had + V3 / Vo ED → S+ had been + V3 / Vo ED

Ex: She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm

→ Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m

g- Who + V + object ? Passive: - By whom ? - Who by ?

Ex: Who wrote this novel ?

→ Passive: - By whom was this novel written ?

hoặc: Who was this novel written by ?

Exercise 1: Passive and Active voice

1 People drink a great deal of tea in England.

2 Tom was writing two poems.

3 She often takes her dog for a walk.

4 People speak English all over the world.

5 A group of students have met their friends at the railway station.

6 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.

7 The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.

8 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?

9 This well-known library attracts many people.

10 My mother used to make us clean the house.

11 He likes people to call him “Sir”.

12 They are going to have someone repair their car

13 People say that he is intelligent.

14 He can’t repair my bike.

15 Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.

16 Mr Smith has taught us French for 2 years.

17 They didn’t look after the children properly.

18 Nobody swept this street last week.

19 How many lessons are you going to learn next month?

20 You need to do this work.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences in the passive :

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

1 They will construct some new airports on islands

5 Someone will tell you when you go in to see the doctor

6 They should have finished the hotel by the time you arrive

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive

1 Chris has good news The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer)

……… her a job soon

2 Good news! I (may + offer) ……… a job soon I had an interview at an

engineering firm yesterday

3 You (should + open) ……… the wine about three hours before you use it

4 You (mustn’t + move) ……… this man; he is too ill He (will + have to + leave)

……… here

5 You (must + take) ……… those books back to the library yesterday

6 We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) ………

7 You (must + keep) ……… meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil

8 I (had better + wash) ……… my clothes today, or they will be very smelly

9 Someone (should + tell) ……… James the news immediately

10 This application (be supposed to + send) ………… to the personnel department soon

Exercise 4: Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the sentence.

1 I shouldn’t ……… so much coffee last night I was wide awake till four in the morning

A drink B drank C be drunk D have drunk

2 The profits are supposed ……… among the shareholders

A to divide B to be divided C dividing D being divided

3 When you are on duty, your uniform must ……… at all times

A wear B be wear C be worn D be wearing

4 You promised her a letter; you ought to ……… days ago

A write B be writing C have written D be written5.After the test papers ……… to the students in class tomorrow, the students

……… their next assignment

A will return – will be given B will be returned – are given

C are returning – are giving D are returned – will be given

6 The class for next semester is too large It ought to ……… in half

A be divided B divide C have divided D have been divided

7 The entire valley can ……… from their mountain home

A see B be seen C being seen D sees

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

8 He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger He must………

A have been married B be married C marry D have married

9 A child should ……… everything he or she wants

A gives B give C have been given D be given

10 Your daughter has a good voice Her interest in singing ……… encouraged

11 I found this book on my desk when I came to class It must …… by one of the students in earlier class

A be left B have been left C leave D have left

12 You had better ……….your chores before Mom gets home

A be finished B have finished C have been finished D finish

13 These books will have to ……… to the library tomorrow

A return B have returned C being returned D be returned

14 Ann’s birthday was on the 5th, and now it’s already the 8th Her birthday card … a week ago

A will be sent B can be sent

C should have been sent D should have sent

15 You ……… me to Dr Gray We’ve already met

A don’t have to introduce B mustn’t be introduced

C shouldn’t introduce D mustn’t introduce

16 Bill ……….Ann to the party tomorrow

A will be invited B will invite C will have invited D will have been invited

17 A new hospital ……….in this area

A are going to be built B builds C is going to be built D is going to build

18 Mike ……… What’s going on in his English class

A can’t understand B can’t be understood

C could have understood D could have been understood

19 Our test papers ……….by our teachers now

A are marking B are being marked C will mark D will be marked

20 ……….the birds in your garden at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?

A Did you feed B Were you fed C Were you being fed D Were you feeding

Exercise 5: Multiple choices

1 Many U.S automobiles - in Detroit, Michigan

A manufacture B have manufactured C are manufactured D are manufacturing

2 I still can’t believe it! My bicycle - last night

A was stolen B was stealing C stolen D stole

3 Let’s go ahead and do it now Nothing - by waiting

A will be accomplished B accomplished C has accomplished D accomplishes4.” When -? “ - In 1928

A penicillin was discovered B did penicillin discovered

C was penicillin discovered D did penicillin discover

5 The rescuers - for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers

A were praised B praised C were praising D praising

6 Vitamin C - by the human body It gets into the bloods stream quickly

A absorbs easily B is easily absorbing C is easily absorbed D absorbed easily

7 Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters His paintings - masterpieces all over the world

A had considered B are considering C are considered D consider

8 We can’t go along here because the road is -

A been repaired B being repaired C repaired D repairing

9 More than 50 films - in HCMC since June

A were shown B had been shown C have been shown D have shown

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

10 George is - Lisa

A marry with B marry to C married with D married to

11 Somebody cleans the room every day

A The room every day is cleaned B The room is every day cleaned

C The room is cleaned every day D The room is cleaned by somebody every day

12 They cancelled all flights because of fog

A All flights because of fog were cancelled B All flights were cancelled because of fog

C All flights were because of fog cancelled D.All flights were cancelled by them because of fog

13 People don't use this road very often

A This road is not used very often B Not very often this road is not used

C This road very often is not used D This road not very often is used

14 Somebody accused me of stealing money

A I was accused by somebody of stealing money B I was accused of stealing money

C I was accused of stealing money by somebody D I was accused stealing money

15 How do people learn languages?

A How are languages learned? B How are languages learned by people?

C How languages are learned? D Languages are learned how?

16 People warned us not to go out alone

A We were warned not going out alone B We were warned not to go out alone by people

C We weren't warned to go out alone D We were warned not to go out alone

17 Somebody is using the computer at the moment

A The computer is being used at the moment

B The computer at the moment is being used

C The computer is being used by somebody at the moment

D The computer is used at the moment

18 I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation

A I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded

B I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded

C I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone

D Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded

19 We found that they had cancelled the game

A We found that the fame had been cancelled

B The game had been cancelled

C We found that the game had been cancelled by them

D The game were found to be cancelled

20 They are building a new highway around the city

A A new highway is being built around the city

B A new highway is being built around the city by them

C A new highway around the city is being built

D Around the city a new highway is being built

Exercise 6 : Choose the best answer

1 Sarah is wearing a blouse It of cotton

A be made B are made C is made D made

2 The boy _ by the teacher yesterday

A punish B punished C punishing D was punished

3 yet?

A Have the letters been typed B Have been the letters typed

C Have the letters typed D Had the letters typed

4 His car needs

A be fixed B fixing C to be fixing D fixed

5 It's a pity but nothing be done to improve the situation

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

6 He was made smoking

A give up B gave up C to give up D giving up

7 We had a French architect our villa

A to design B designing C designed D design

8 This car _

A was manufactured in Japan by Toyota last year B was manufactured by Toyota in last year in Japan

C was manufactured last year in Japan by Toyota D last year was manufactured by Toyota in Japan

9 Some film stars difficult to work with

A are said be B are said to be C say to be D said to be

10 Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy at

A be laughed B to be laughed C laughing D being laughed

Exercise 7: Find out the mistake:

1 When I have been finished my work, I’m going to take a walk

Exercise 8: Choose the best answer

1 People say that playing football is the most interesting

A The most important thing is playing football B It was said that playing football to be the most interesting

C It is said that playing football is the most interesting D Playing football is said to be the most interesting

2 People say that he died in the accident

A It was said that he was died in the accident B It is said that he was died in the accident

C He is said to have died in the accident D He is said to die in the accident

3 Have they changed the window of the laboratory?

A Has the window changed of the laboratory? B Has the window of the laboratory changed?

C Has the window of the laboratory been changing? D Has the window of the laboratory been changed?

4 Tom bought that book yesterday

A That book was bought yesterday by Tom B That book was bought by Tom yesterday

C That book yesterday was bought by Tom D That book bought yesterday by Tom

5 They have to hold the meeting in this narrow room

A The meeting had to be hold in this narrow room B The meeting has to be hold in this narrow room C.The meeting has to be holded in this narrow room D The meeting has to be held in this narrow room

6 No one has cleaned the floor for weeks

A The floor hasn’t been cleaned for weeks B The floor has been cleaned by someone for weeks

C The floor haven’t cleaned for weeks D The floor are had cleaned for weeks

7 The teacher is going to tell a story

A A story is going to be told by the teacher B A story is going to tell by the teacher

C A story be told by the teacher D A story is going to tell the teacher

8 Someone was cleaning the room when I arrived

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A The room cleaned when I arrived B The room was being cleaned when I arrived

C The room was cleaned when I arrived D The room was cleaning when I arrived

9 We will finish the report in time

A The report will finish in time B The report will be finish in time

C The report will be finished in time D The report is finished in time

Exercise 9 : Change into the passive voice

1 I need to wash my car

My car _

2 They have just built a new primary school in my village

A new primary school _

3 They are painting the kitchen now

Exercise 10 Multiple choice:

1 The telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

A invented B is inventing C be invented D was invented

2 Mr Pike the most famous archaeologist in our city

A says to be B is said to be C is said that C said to be

3 Many people believe that God created the world

A It believes that God created the world

B The world is believed God created

C God is believed to create the world

D God is believed to have created the world

4 _to be the richest man in the USA

A Bill Gates B Bill Gates says C Bill Gates is D Bill Gates is said

5 John is said to have been stolen the money

A It is said that John steals the money

B It is said that John was stolen money

C People said John was stolen the money

D People say that John steals the money

6 It is said that many people are homeless after the floods

A Many people say to be homeless after the floods

B Many people said are homeless after the floods

C Many people are said to be homeless after the floods

D Many people are said to have been homeless after the floods

7 They think visiting the pyramids is interesting

A The pyramids are thought interesting to be visited

B It is thought the pyramids are visited interesting

C Visiting the pyramids is thought to be interesting

D Visiting the pyramids is thought to have been interesting

8 The skyscraper is said to have been built in 1930

A They said the skyscraper was built in 1930

B It was said that the skyscraper was built in 1930

C They are said the skyscraper is built in 1930

D It is said that the skyscraper was built in 1930

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

9 They predict that a heavy storm will come in the area

A A heavy storm is predicted to have come in the area

B It is predicted that a heavy storm would come in the area

C A heavy storm is predicted to come in the area

D It is predicted that a heavy storm came in the area

10 _how the ancient Egyptian carried such heavy blocks of stone

A People do not know B People have not been known

C It has not known D It has not known

11 John The Great Pyramid of Giza

A said to have been visited B is said to have visited

C is said to have been visited D said to have visited

12 People say that six out of the seven wonders of the ancient world were destroyed

A It was said that six out of the seven wonders of the ancient world were destroyed

B Six out of the seven wonders of the ancient world were said to be destroyed

C Six out of the seven wonders of the ancient world are said to have destroyed

D Six out of the seven wonders of the ancient world are said to have been destroyed

13 It is believed that a buried treasure was hidden in the tomb

A They believed that a buried treasure was hidden in the tomb

B A buried treasure is believed that was hidden in the tomb

C A buried treasure is believed to hide in the tomb

D A buried treasure is believed to have been hidden in the tomb

14 George another trip to Greece

A is said to be planned B said to be planned

C said to be planning D is said to be planning

15 _ some precious things stolen from that ancient tomb

A People knew that he buys B It was known that he has bought

C They knew that he has bought D They know that he bought

16 The X-ray in 1895

A is said to have been discovered B is said to be discovered

C said to have been discovered D said to discover

17 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony next weekend

A is going to be performed B has been performed

C will be performing D will have performed

18 I hate _ personal questions by newly-acquainted friends

A to be asking B be asked C being asked D of asking

19 Reagan an actor years ago

A is said to be B was said being

C was said have been D is said to have been

20 It that learning a foreign language a lot of time

A says / is taken B is saying / has been taken

C is said / takes D was said / was taken

21 The trees

A were grown by John yesterday in the backyard

B were grown in the backyard yesterday by John

C were grown in the backyard by John yesterday

D in the backyard were grown yesterday by John

22 yet?

A Have the letters been typed B Have been the letters typed

C Have the letters typed D Had the letters typed

23 English has become a second language in some countries where for administration,

broadcasting and education

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A is used B it is used C used D being used

24 _ the room been cleaned yet?

25 Lots of houses _ by the earthquake

A are destroying B destroyed C were destroying D were destroyed

26 In the US, the first stage of compulsory education as elementary education

A to be generally known B is generally known

C generally known D is generally knowing

27 Education _ to be the most important element to develop a country

A often be considered B can often consider

C often considers D can often be considered

28 Portuguese _ as an official language in this city for three hundred years

A has always been spoken B has been spoken always

C has always spoken D had always spoken

29 More than ten victims missing in the storm last week

A are reported to be B are reported to have been

C are reporting to have been D are reporting to be

30 This car _

A was manufactured in Japan by Toyota last year

B was manufactured by Toyota in Japan last year

C was manufactured last year in Japan by Toyota

D last year was manufactured in Japan by Toyota

31 I have my teeth checking by the dentist

-5 They haven’t seen their younger son for three weeks

 The younger son

-6 They asked me some questions at the interview

 I

-7 Nobody told me about the meeting

 I wasn’t

-8 Have you fed the chickens yet?

 Have the chickens

-9 They didn’t give me the information I needed

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

-14 I don’t want people to make me a fool

I don’t want to

-15 She dislikes people shouting at her

 She dislikes being

-Exercise 12

1 Many U.S automobiles - in Detroit , Michigan

A manufacture B have manufactured C.are manufactured D.are manufacturing

2 I still can’t believe it ! My bicycle - last night

A was stolen B was stealing C stolen D stole

3 Let’s go ahead and do it now Nothing - by waiting

A.will be accomplished B accomplished C has accomplished D accomplishes

4.” When -? “ - In 1928

A penicillin was discovered B did penicillin discovered

C was penicillin discovered D did penicilin discover

5 The rescuers - for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers

A were praised B praised C were praising D praising

6 Vitamin C - by the human body It gets into the bloods stream quickly

A absorbs easily B is easily absorbing C is easily absorbed D absorbed easily

7 Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters His paintings - masterpieces all over theworld

A had considered B are considering C are considered D consider

8 We can’t go along here because the road is -

A been repaired B being repaired C repaired D repairing

9 More than 50 films - in HCMC since June

A were shown B had been shown C have been shown D.have shown

10 George is - Lisa

A marry with B marry to C married with D married to

11 DNA tests - accepted in our court cases

A are known B were used C have been D will have

12 The child’s arm was swoolen because he - by a bee

A had being stung B had stung C stung D had been stung

13 Mr wilson is - as Willie to his friend

14 If you - by the police for speeding , what would you do ?

A stopped B are stopped C was stopped D.were stopped

15 His car needs -

A be fixed B to be fixing C to be fixed D.fixed

16 It - that the strike will end soon

A is expected B expected C are expected D was expected

17 These tennis courts don’t - very often Not many people want to play

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

18 Each word in our mental dictionaries - with its unique sound and meaning

A must store B must be stored C must is stored D must to be stored

19 These instructions - precisely

A must follow B must followed C must to be followed D must be followed

20 Tuition and fees - if a student withdraws after the fifteenth day of the team

A not refunded B will not be refunded C will be not refunded D will not refund

21 When I was a child , I - by my parents

A used to punished B use to be punished C use to punish D used to be punished22.An international conference - in Hanoi next week

A will held B will be hold C is going to hold D will be held

23 The day of the meeting - again

A will change B will be changed C.will has to be changed D.will have to change

24 Mary - about our change in plans

A has told B has just been told C has been just told D.had been just told 25.These books - back to the library

A should have given B should give C should have been given D.must have given

26 The earth - to be flat

A believed B is believed C.was believed D is considered

27.He is rumoured to - on the way home

A have attacked B be attacked C attacked D have been attacked

28 The flight to Hanoi - because of the bad weather

A can postpone B will postpone C.can be postponed D can be postpone

29 Had there been your presence, everything - carefully

A would have arranged B would have been arranged C would be arranged D.will be arranged

30 A new hospital - in this area soon

A is going to build B.is going to be build C.is going to be built D will build

31.Many species of rare animals - seriously

A is endangered B are in danger C are threaten D are threatened

32 The girl - is now in hospital

A who injured in the accident B was injured in the accident

C who was injured in the accident D whom she injured

33.The robbers attacked the police from behind

A The police was attacked from behind B The police were attacked from behind

C The robbers were attacked from behind D The robbers are attacked from behind

34 They have to hold the meeting in this narrow room

A The meeting had to be hold in this narrow room B.The meeting has to be hold in this narrow room.C.The meeting has to be holded in this narrow room D The meeting has to be held in this narrow room

35 They showed his photograph on television

A On television they had his photograph shown B His photograph was shown on television

C His photograph is being shown on television D The television was shown his photograph

36 They began to build the bridge two months ago

A The bridge was begun to build two months ago B The bridge was begun to be built two months ago

C The bridge began to build two months ago D The bridge began to be built two months ago

37 They saw him searching the truck

A He is seen searching the truck B He is seen to search the truck

C He was seen searching the truck D He was being seen searching the truck

38.His parents made him do it

A He was made do it B He was made to do it

C He made his parents to do it D His parents were made do it

39 The barber has cut my hair

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A My hair has already been cut now B I’ve got to have the barber cut my hair

C.My hair has become shorter and shorter D I’ve had my hair cut

40.People say that the American women are used to living independently means

A It is said that the American women are used to living independently

B.The American women are said to be used to living independently

C.The American women are said they be used to live independently

D.A & B are correct

41.People think that he was born in a rich family

A That is thought he was born in a rich family B He was thought to be born in a rich family

C That he was born in a rich family is thought D He is thought to have been born in a rich family

42 It is impossible to do this work right now

A It is impossible for this work to be done right now B It is impossible for to be done this work right now

C This work is impossible to do right now D This work is impossible to be done

43 Close the windows of the room

A Let the windows of the room to be closed B Let the windows of the room be closed

C The windows of the room are closed D The windows of the room will be closed

44 They said that the president had arrived in the city

A The president was said to have arrived in the city B It is said that the president had arrived in the city

C The president was said to arrive in the city D It was said that the president arrived in the city

45 He expects that his father will come back home

A It was expected that his father will come back home B His father was expected to be come back home

C His father will be expected to come back home D His father is expected to come back home

46.Further tests / going / done / drug / soon

A Further tests are going to done on the drug soon B Further tests are going to do on the drug soon

C.Further tests are going to be done on the drug soon D Further tests are going to be done the drug soon

47 This book / ought/ read/ on the spot

A This book ought be read on the spot B This book ought to been read on the spot

C.This book ought to be read on the spot D This book ought to have been read on the spot.48.We / believe/ human life / can/ prolong / drug

A We believe that human life can prolong by the drug

B We believe that human life can be prolonged by the drug

C.We believe that human life could be prolonged by the drug

D We are believed that human life can be prolonged by the drug

49 Our plan / might / cancel / due / lack of funds

A Our plan might be cancelled due to lack of funds B.Our plan might be cancel due to lack of fund

C Our plan might cancelled due to lack of funds D Our plan might cancel due to lack of funds

50 This car / need / wash / before / I / use / tomorrow

A.This car needs to washed before I use it tomorrow B.This car needs to be washed before it is used tomorrow

C This car needs washing before it uses tomorrow DThis car needs to be washing before it is used tomorrow

REPORTED SPEECH

I Định nghĩa:

1 Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.

- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai chấm(:).

- Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.

Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said.

2 Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung

đúng những từ của người nói.

Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.

II Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp:

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

1 Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp):

1 Present Simple:V1

Ex1: Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7

o’clock”

Ex2: He said “ I like beer”

2 Present Progressive: am/is/are+Ving

Ex: He said “I’m watching TV”

3 Present Perfect: has/have + V3/ed

Ex: He said “ I have just bought a new book”

4 Past Simple: V2/ed

Ex: They said “ We came by car ”

5 Past Progressive: was/were + V-ing

Ex: He said “I was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock”

6 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed

Ex: She said “ My money had run out”

7 Future Simple: will +V without to (V0)

Ex: Lan said “I’ll phone you”

Ex2: He said (that) He liked beer

2 Past Progressive:was/were+Ving Ex: He said (that) he was watching TV

3 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: He said (that) I had just bought a new book

4 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: They said (that) they had come by car

5 was/were+V-ing or Past Perfect progressive Ex:-He said ( that ) he was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock”

- He said ( that )he had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock”

6 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: She said ( that) her money had run out

7 would + V without to ( Vo) Ex: Lan said ( that) she would phone me

8 could

Ex : He said ( that) we could sit there

9 might Ex: Mary said ( that) shemight go to Ha noi again

10 must/ had to Ex: He said ( that)he had to finish that report

* Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:

- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi

Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.

 He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.

- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi

Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”

 My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.

He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’

 He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner

- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên

Eg: He said, “ I will come to your house tomorrow”

 He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:

Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”

 He said that he would write to her If he knew her address

Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”

 She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.

Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”

 The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.

Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp

Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar”  The

advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly

- Không thay đổi thì của:

Could, would, might, should

Ought, had better, need trong câu nói gián tiếp

Nhưng must -> had to/ must

Eg: She said; “I could do the homework

 She said the she could do the homework

- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:

Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980”

 he said that he was born in 1980.

2 Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:

 Đại từ nhân xưng

3 Thay đổi về từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

Nhóm từ trong câu gián tiếp Nhãm tõ trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp

Yesterday morning… The morning before/ the previous morning

last month/ night … the moth before / the previous month/ night

Tomorrow morning… The next morning/ the following morning

The day before yesterday Two days before

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

The day after tomorrow In two days’ time

next month/ week the month after / the following month/ week

III Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại cõu trong lời núi giỏn tiếp

1 Cõu trần thuật trong lời núi giỏn tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)

S + said (to + O) + that S + V……

S + told + O + that S + V….

Eg: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said.

-> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.

*Note: Cú thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed…

2 Cõu hỏi trong lời núi giỏn tiếp (Questions in reported speech)

 Chú ý: Khi chuyển cõu hỏi trực tiếp thành giỏn tiếp cũng cần ỏp dụng qui tắc chuyển đổi trờn, ngoài ra cần thay

đổi:

- Động từ tường thuật cõu hỏi giỏn tiếp là asked/ wanted to know/ wondered ( tự hỏi)

- Trật tự từ chuyển về dạng trần thuật tức là chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ và khụng cú trợ động từ

- Khụng dựng liờn từ “that’, dấu “?” được bỏ đi

a Yes/ no questions:

S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause

Eg: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?”

Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television

b Wh-questions:

S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause

Eg: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”

He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.

 Chỳ ý: Trong trường hợp cõu trực tiếp cú cả cõu trần thuật và cõu hỏi khi đổi sang cõu giỏn tiếp phần nào vẫn cứ

đi phần ấy

Eg: “ I have left my watch at home Can you tell me the time?”

He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time

3 Cõu mệnh lệnh trong lời núi giỏn tiếp (Imperative in reported speech)

Khi đổi câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp thành câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp, cần lu ý:

+ Động từ tờng thuật là: ordered, commanded (ra lệnh), requested, asked (yêu cầu), told (bảo làm )

+ Tâm ngữ trực tiếp chỉ ngời nhận mệnh lệnh đợc nêu lên.

+ Hình thức mệnh lệnh của động từ trong câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp đổi thành động từ nguyên thể.

(+) He/ she + ordered + object + to infinitive

commanded

told asked requested

Eg: “Please wait for a minute.” The man asked me

 The man asked me to wait for a minute.

“Would you mind opening the door” she asked me.

She asked me to open the door.

He said to the waiter, “ Please bring me some hot water.”

 He told to the waiter to bring him some hot water.

I said to her “Please shut the window.”

 I asked her to shut the window.

(-) He/ she + ordered + object not to + infinitive

Nguyễn Thị Thỳy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

told asked

Eg: “ Please don’t talk loudly”.

 He asked me not to talk loudly.

He said “Don’t shut the door”.

 He asked me not to shut the door.

4 Reported speech with to infinitive

- Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, động từ tờng

thuật cùng với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau thờng dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên.

 Động từ tờng thuật + tân ngữ + động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive)

*Động từ tờng thuật: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommend, encourage, urge,

warn, want, beg, persuade, remind , instruct …

Ex: He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”

-> He invited me to go out for a drink.

She said to me; “How about some coffee”

-> She invited me some coffee

“I will look after the house for you if you like” he said.

-> He offered to look after the house for me if I liked.

Ex: She said, “Can you lend me your book?”

-> She asked me to lend her my book.

Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”

-> She reminded me to ring her up the next eveining

Ex: “You should study harder,” my mother said.

-> My mother advised me to study harder.

 Động từ tờng thuật + động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive)

*Động từ tờng thuật:agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide

Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said -> He agreed to wait for me

Eg: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car”

-> He refused to lend me his car.

Eg: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday”

-> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.

5 Reported speech with gerund: (cõu giỏn tiếp với danh động từ)

- Khi lời núi giỏn tiếp là lời đề nghị, chỳc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi ….động từ tường thuật cựng với danh động từ theo sau nú thường dựng để truyền tải nội dung lời núi trờn.

 Động từ tường thuật + V-ing

* Động từ tường thuật:deny, admit, suggest, regret

Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”

-> He suggested going home

 Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + Ving…

* Động từ tường thuật: : dream of, object to, insist on, complain about, think of, look forward to

Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.

-> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.

“I’ll drive you to the station I insist,” Peter said to Linda

-> Peter insisted on driving Linda to the station

“I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said.

-> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.

 Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + tõn ngữ + Ving…

* Động từ tường thuật: thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, warn sb against, prevent

sb from, stop sb from… t

Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.

-> Tom thanked me for helping him.

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.

-> Peter apologised for being late.

Ex3: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship Congratulations!”

-> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.

Ex4: “I hear you passed your exams Congratulations!” John said to us

-> Tom congratulated us on passing our exams

Ex5: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane

-> Her mother prevented Jane from going out that night

Ex6: “Sit here I can’t let you stand all the time,” Mary said to me.

-> Mary prevented me from standing all the time.

Ex7: “Don’t stay at the near the airport,” I said to Ann

-> I warned Ann against staying at the hotel near the airport

Ex8: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said to Linda.

-> I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone at night.

Ex: “You took some of my money,” he said.

-> He accused me of taking some of his money.

Choose the best option to complete the following sentences

1 Jack asked me _

A.where do you come from? B.where I came from

C.where I am from D.where did I come from?

2 She asked me _ I liked pop music

3 The doctor him to take more exercise

4 I wanted to know _ return home

A.when would she B when will she C when she will D when she would

5 Claire told me that her father a race horse

6 What did that man say ?

7 I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _ raining there

8 The builders have that everything will be ready on time

A promised B promise C promises D promising

9 The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed She explained she’d been on holiday the week

10 Yesterday, Laura him to put some shelves up

11 Tom has this story wasn’t completely true

A admitting that B was admitted that C admitted that D admit that

12 When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy day

13 Mathew _ Emma that her train was about to leave

A has reminded B has reminded that C reminded D reminded that

14 Hello, Jim I didn’t expect to see you today Sophie said you _ ill

15 Ann and left

A said goodbye to me B says goodbye to me C tell me goodbye D told me goodbye

16 I told you to switch off the computer, didn’t I ?

17 Bill was slow, so I hurry up

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

A tell him B told him for C told to D told him to

18 Sarah was driving to fast, so I to slow down

A asked her B asked C ask D have asked her

19 Someone me there’s been an accident on the motorway

20 Sue was very pessimistic about the situation I advised her _

A no worry B not worry C no to worry D not to worry

21 I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I asked Tom _

A giving a hand B gave a hand C to give a hand D give a hand

22 Tom said that New York _ more lively than London

23 When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he use the phone

24 George couldn’t help me He me to ask Kate

25 Judy going for a walk, but no one else wanted to

A.admitted B offered C promised D suggested

26 I said that I had met her

A yesterday B the previous day C the day D the before day

27 The man asked the boys

A why did they fight B why they were fighting

C why they fight D why were they fighting

28 “ the door”, he said

A please open B open pleased C please to open D please, opening

29 I wanted to know return home

A when would she B when will she C when she will D when she would

30 The woman wonders _ doing well at school

A whether her children are B if her children are

C whether her children were D her children are if

31 Peter said he was leaving for Paris

A next week B the week previous C following week D the following week

32 “I don’t usually drink milk when ” Mrs Pike said

A she was hungry B I was hungry C I am hungry D I will be

33 They said that their house had been broken into

A the two days before B two days ago C two days before D since two days

34 She advised me _ an apple everyday to stay healthy

A eating B I should eat C to eat D please, eat

35 “I’ll come with you as soon as _” she replied

A I was ready B I am ready C I ready D am I ready

36 The teacher asked Mary the previous match

A who wins B who is winning C who won D that won

37 “I _ late again”, she promised

A I am not B I won’t be C I wouldn’t D I was not late

38 “How long _ here ?”, asked Jane

A you have been B you had been C had you been D have you been

39 She wanted to know

A what was happening B was happening

C it was happening D was happening what

40 “Do you know ?” asked the man

A where is the ticket office B where the ticket office is

C the ticket office is D where was the ticket office

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

41 He said he ………the following morning

A would leave B will leave C is leaving D left

42 My father asked me _ of the film

A what do you think B what I think C what did you think D what I thought

43 “ Why hasn’t Minh phoned? ” she wondered

A she wondered why Minh hasn’t phoned B she wondered why Minh didn’t phone

C she wondered why Minh hadn’t phoned D she wondered why hadn’t Minh phoned

44 “Could you tell me how to get to the airport?”

A he asked me how to get to the airport B he said if I could tell him the airport

C he told me how to get to the airport D he asked me to tell how to get to the airport

45 “Have you heard of her marriage?”

A she asked me if I hear of their marriage

B she asked me whether I had heard of their marriage

C she asked me if I had heard of their marriage

D B and C

46 Cindy said that “I haven’t seen John since last month.”

A Cindy said she hasn’t seen John since the previous month

B Cindy said she hadn’t seen John since the previous month

C Cindy said she wasn’t seen John since the previous month

D Cindy said she doesn’t see John since the previous month

47 The little boy said “two and two make four.”

A.The little boy said that two and two made four

B.The little boy said that two and two have made four

C.The little boy said that two and two had made four

D.The little boy said that two and two make four

48 “If I were you, I would go to the doctor ”Minh said to Lan

A Minh told Lan to become a doctor

B Minh advised Lan to go to the doctor

C Minh told Lan that he would to go to the doctor

D.Minh advised Lan not to go to the doctor

49 His wife said to him: “write to me as often as you can”

A His wife told him to write to her as often as he can

B His wife told him to write to her as often as he could

C His wife told him writing to her as often as he could

D His wife told him writing to her as often as he can

50 “What were you doing last night, Mr John?” asked the police

A The police asked what were you doing last night, Mr John

B The police asked Mr John what he had been doing the night before

C The police asked Mr John what he had been done the night before

D The police asked Mr John what had he been done the night before

51 The teacher advised us

A to be careful when doing these exercises B be careful when doing these exercises

C careful when doing these exercises D are careful when doing these exercises

52 She told me _

A think well before I answered B think well before I answer

C to think well before I answered D think well before I will answer

53 He begged them _

A help him B should help him C to help him D help to him

54 She said that she _ there the year before

A went B had gone C would go D goes

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

55 Peter asked Jane why the film on T.V the previous night

A didn’t she watch B hadn’t she watched C she doesn’t watch D she hadn’t watched

56 They said they _ us if we needed

A help B helped C would help D had helped

57 He advised them _ in class

A to not talk B not to talk C to talk not D don’t talk

58 She said to us “Don’t be late again”

A She said us not to be late again B She told us to be not late again

C She told to us not to be late again D She told us not to be late again

59 John said “You had better not lend them any money, Daisy”

A John said Daisy not to lend them any money

B John advised Daisy should not lend any money

C John said to Daisy not lend them any money

D John advised Daisy not to lend them any money

60 “I’m sorry I have to leave so early’, he said

A He apologized for having to leave early

B He apologized to have to leave early

C He apologized that he has to leave early

D He apologized to have left early

61 “Can I borrow your pen please, Sam?”, said Gillian

A Gillian asked Sam if she can borrow his pen

B Gillian asked Sam if she could borrow his pen

C Gillian asked Sam she can borrow his pen

D Gillian asked Sam she could borrow his pen

62 “Where did you go last night, Nam?”, said Hoa

A Hoa said to Nam where had he gone the night before

B Hoa said to Nam where he had gone the night before

C Hoa told Nam where he had gone last night

D Hoa asked Nam where he had gone the night before

63 He said he would do it _

A yesterday B the following day C the previous day D the day before

64 He says that he the law of the country

65 My friend asked me who _ the piano in the sitting room

A was playing B plays C is playing D has played

66 “Why don’t we go out for a drink?”

Indirect: Erick for a drink

A asked to go out B told us to go out C suggested going out D invited to go out

67 “Nobody has asked me this questions before.”

Indirect: Susan told me that nobody _ question before

A had asked her that B has asked me that C would ask me that D asked her that

68 “Let’s have a picnic this weekend.”

Indirect: James having a picnic that weekend

69 “Remember to lock the doors when you go out”

Indirect: The landlord _ me to lock the doors when

A reminded/ I went out B asked/ I go out C ordered/ I go out D suggested/ you went out

70 “Don’t go near the water, children”

Indirect: She told the children near the water

A can’t go B don’t go C not to go D wouldn’t go

III Circle the mistake in the following sentences and then correct it:

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

1 He asked if I can make an appointment

10 The teacher said, “Study as hard as you can for the final test”

The teacher told us study as hard as you could for the final test

A B C D

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A Lý thuyết

1 Type 1: Present real conditional (điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại)

IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)

S + V1(s/es) S + will + Vinf.

should/ may/ might/ can + Vinf.

Ex: If he tries much more, he will improve his English

If I have money, I will buy a new motorbike

Dạng bài tập : V(inf)… + OR + Clause (Simple Future)

= Unless you + V(inf)… , Clause (Simple Future)

= If you don’t + V(inf)… , Clause (Simple Future)

Ex: Study hard or you will fail the exam.

= Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam.

= If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam.

Cut your hair or they won’t let you in.

= Unless you cut your hair , they won’t let you in.

= If you don’t cut your hair , they won’t let you in.

Chú ý: - Sau mệnh đề If hoặc mệnh đề Unless phải có dấu phẩy (,)

- Sau Unless không được dùng dạng phủ định

(Ex: không được viết Unless you don’t write)

* Command (Mệnh lệnh)

If + S + simple present tense + command form of verb +

Ex: - If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me

- Please call me if you hear anything from Jane

2 Type 2: Present unreal conditional (điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại)

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Nga – THPT Lục Nam

IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)

S + V2/ed (were) S + would + Vinf.

Ex: If I had enough money now, I would buy a tourist trip to the moon.

If I were rich, I w o u l d t ra v e l around the world

Chú ý: Động từ to be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi.

3 Type 3: Past unreal conditional (điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ)

IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)

S + had + V3/ed S + would + have + V3/ed

Ex: If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident.

Chú ý: Lược bỏ “if” trong câu điều kiện, chúng ta có cấu trúc sau:

Type 1: Should you go out, please buy me some stamps.

= If you go out, please buy me some stamps

Type 2: Were I the president of America, I wouldn’t have war on Irap.

= If I were the president of America, I wouldn’t have war on Irap

Type 3: Had she studied hard, she would have passed the examination, last year.

= If she had studied hard, she would have passed the examination, last year

* Mixed conditional sentences: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp

Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp là loại câu mà có thời gian ở hai vế (vế câu điều kiện – if clause và vế kết quả

- result clause) không cùng thời gian với nhau

Ex: - If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.

(But I didn’t win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now)

- If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.

(But she didn’t sign up for the ski trip last week and she isn’t going to join us tomorrow)

- If I were rich, I would have bought that Ford car we saw yesterday.

(But I am rich and that is why I didn’t buy Ford car yesterday)

- If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.

(But I am not going to that concert tonight and that is why I am not excited)

* Một số mẫu câu diễn tả câu điều kiện

- Unless + positive = If…….not: trừ phi, nếu không

Ex: You will be late unless you start at once.

- But for that + unreal codition: nếu không thì

Mệnh đề sau nó phải lùi một thì

+ Hiện tại: My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn’t be here.

+ Quá khứ: My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time.

- Otherwise + real condition: kẻo, nếu không thì

Ex: We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

Chú ý: người ta dùng or else để thay thế otherwise.

- Provided/ Providing that: với điều kiện là, miễn là (= as long as)

Ex: You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.

- Suppose/ Supposing = What…….if: giả sử………thì sao, nếu………thì sao

Ex: Suppose the plane is late? = what (will happen) if the plane is late?

- As if/ As though

+ Trái với hiện tại: AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + V2/ed

+ Trái với quá khứ: AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + HAD + V3/ed

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I Give the right form of the verb in brackets to complete the following sentences.

1 We’ll go to the beach if it (be)…………fine tomorrow