Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 5 potx

... (SPM) Scanningprobemicroscopy(SPM),arelativelynewertool,providesatruethree- dimensionalsurfaceimage.SPMincludesavarietyofdifferenttechniques,includ - ingatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM), whichhaveprovenusefulforimagingandmeasuringmaterialsatthenanoscale. SPMtechniquesarebasedonamechanicalsurveyofthesurfaceofanobjectorpar - ti cle.Averynetipmountedonacanti...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... curve, whichistypicallyanS-shapedfunction.Plottedonagraph,withthedoseonthex- axisandthepercentoforganismsaffectedonthey-axis,thecauseoftheinections intheS-shapedcurveareduetothepresenceofsensitiveindividualsinthelowdose ranges and tolerant individuals in the ... is the LD50, or the lethal dose required to kill 50 % of the organisms under controlled laboratory testing conditions.Fo...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... in Food and the Environment 57 . Walling, D.E. and Quine, T.A., Use of 137 Cs as a tracer of erosion and sedimen- tation: handbook for the application of the 137 Cs technique, Report to the UK Overseas ... are C Rn values outside the ±2 region [52 ]. URAMEX ALDAMA CITY 120–218 80–224 122–2 25 84–88 72–89 76–84 82–89 81 84– 85 83 81–84 80–82 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 3 ....

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... 2006. ** If theprimarystandardsareadoptedasproposed ,the2 4-hourstandardwillbetight- ened from 65 to 35 μg/m 3 ,whilethe1 5- g/m 3 annual standard will be retained. The secondary standards as proposed would be the same as the primary standards. NeithertheDecember20,20 05, proposedrevisedPMstandards,northeback- ground ... single- and multi-walled car- bon nanotubes (CNTs), and na...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... [31]. 6 .5 CONCLUSIONS Laboratoryandeldstudiestodateshowhownanomaterialsinteractwitheachother andwithotherenvironmentalconstituentstoaffecttheirfateandtransport .The physicochemical properties of the ... variables complicate the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment. These variables include thepHandionicstrengthoftheaqueoussolution,thepresenceofdissolvedorganic matter, and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... nano-C60, the water-stable aggregate that forms when fullerenes (C60) come in contact with water. Their r esearch shows that the pH ofthewateraffectstheparticlesizeofthenano-C60,andtheionicstrengthaffects thestabilityofthenano-C60insolution[26]. Similarly, ... concentra- tionof9μg/L.Thelowestestimateisbasedonthereportedreleaseof0.05gsilver peryearandtheassumptionthatonly 25% ofthemasswoul...

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... Environment Toconvertthistoahumanexposure,theconcentrationinthemousemustbe scaledtoahuman.GiventhatthemousemassinthestudybyShevedovaetal.[24] wasreportedtobe20.3g,itispossibletoestimatethetotallungvolume(V tot )asthe sumofthetidalvolume(i.e.,theamountofairpassinginandoutofthelungduring normal resting breath; V T )andtheanatomicaldeadspace * (V D )forthemouseanda 7 5- kg human ... of the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20