Therefore, it is very necessary for the author to study and research the topic "Improving the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training inst
Trang 1VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
NGUYEN MINH HAI
IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY
OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING THROUGH THE
COOPERATION BETWEEN TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
AND ENTERPRISES IN HUNG YEN
Major: Economic development Code: 9.31.01.05
DISSERTATION FOR A DOCTORAL DEGREE
IN ECONOMICS
HANOI – 2019
Trang 2The dissertation is completed at:
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
SUPERVISORS:
1 Assoc Prof Dr Le Phuoc Minh
2 Dr Phi Vinh Tuong
Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Do Duc Binh
Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Bui Quang Tuan
Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Van Dinh
The dissertation will be defended in front of the Doctoral Dissertation Committee at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences
At … o’clock date month year 2019
The dissertation can be found at:
National Library of Vietnam The Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences
Trang 3INTRODUCTION
1 The urgency of the subject
The State has issued training policies suitable for the demands for socio-economic development of each locality and region The socio-economic development strategy for the period of 2011-2020 has set the orientation for education and training development in
the coming time: “Training human resources to meet the diverse and multi-layered requirements of technology and development level of fields and sectors Create close cooperation between enterprises, employers, training facilities and the State to develop human resources in accordance with social demands”
Especially now in Hung Yen, there are many training institutions are carrying out vocational training with a large scale and abundant sectors However, the quality of training at most training institutions is not high Many graduate students do not meet the job requirements One of the important reasons is the lack of cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in vocational training The training courses offered by training institutions are mainly based on the capabilities of the institutions, regardless of the corresponding demands from enterprises This leads to an imbalance between the supply of and demand for training in terms of scale, structure and especially quality, causing great waste and low training efficiency Therefore, it is very necessary for the
author to study and research the topic "Improving the quality and efficiency of
vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen", and to analyze and clarify the reality of vocational training
and job creation for workers through vocational training in general and for workers through vocational training in Hung Yen Province in particular, thereby propose solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training to meet the requirements of enterprises and society, especially solutions based on the close cooperation between enterprises and training institutions
2 Purposes and research tasks of the dissertation
- Research purposes:
Research theoretical and practical issues about the cooperation between training
institutions and enterprises in vocational training and use them to assess the reality of quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and businesses in Hung Yen, thereby propose effective solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen Province
- Research tasks:
- Clarify theoretical issues on the quality and efficiency of vocational training and the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in improving vocational training quality and efficiency
- Analyze and assess the reality of quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen; find out the cause of the limitations and problems that need to be solved in the coming years
- Propose views and solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen
Province
Trang 43 Object and scope of the dissertation research
3.1 Research object:
Quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
3.2 Research scope:
- Content: The dissertation focuses on studying the quality and efficiency of
vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
- Space: Hung Yen Province
- Time: Period of 2010-2017
4 Methodology and research methods of the dissertation
- Theoretical research methodology
+ Overview documents on guidelines, policies, decisions, legal provisions related
to the quality and efficiency of vocational training and the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in vocational training
+ Study foreign documents on theoretical basis and practical experience related to the topic
+ Study domestic works related to the joint vocational training to discover and exploit new aspects to be a basis for further research
- Practical research methodology
+ Conduct survey using a questionnaire to collect opinions from leaders, managers
of enterprises, managers of vocational training institutions and trained workers to find out the reality of the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises to provide suitable solutions
Form 1: Survey form on the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises (for leaders and managers of enterprises)
Form 2: Survey form on the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises (for employees, teachers, officials of vocational training institutions)
Form 3: Survey form on the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises (for workers who have graduated from vocational training institutions)
+ In-depth interview with leaders of vocational training institutions, enterprises and leaders of related state agencies in the field of vocational training to collect opinions on difficulties and solutions to overcome those difficulties in order to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training cooperation
+ Data collection: the author collects information on vocational training and vocational training cooperation from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the Statistics Office of Hung Yen Province, the Department of Planning and Investment of Hung Yen Province, the Management Board of industrial parks in Hung Yen Province, Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs of Hung Yen Province, vocational training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen Province
+ Summary of experience: survey and research summarized practical experience of units that have conducted vocational training cooperation between training institutions
Trang 5and enterprises in Hung Yen (The author conducts practical study at the Mecha Electric and Water Resources College, Hung Yen Industrial College and Hung Yen University of Technology and Education which are the institutions that are cooperating with enterprises)
- Processing of data, facts and advices
+ Statistical method; Use SPSS software; Analyze, compare and synthesize to draw comments on vocational training cooperation
+ + Use method of consulting experts to consult prestigious experts, officials responsible for vocational training and supplying human resources for the labor market to refer to organizational and cooperative measures to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training
5 New contribution to the science of the dissertation
Through the study, the author has made some new specific intellectual contributions as follows:
- The dissertation has clarified the theoretical basis for the quality and efficiency of vocational training and the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in vocational training
- The dissertation assesses and analyzes the reality and quality of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises and point out the advantages and disadvantages of vocational training cooperation in Hung Yen Province
- The dissertation has proposed a number of solutions and recommendations to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen Province
6 The theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation
6.1 Theoretical significance:
- The dissertation systematizes and clarifies the theoretical basis for the quality and efficiency of vocational training and the cooperation between vocational training institutions and enterprises in vocational training
- Clarify the factors affecting the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
6.2 Practical significance:
- Assess and analyze the reality of the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises and point out the factors that have a positive and negative impact on the cooperation in vocational training
in Hung Yen Province
- Propose some solutions and recommendations to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen Province
7 Structure of the dissertation
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, recommendations, references and appendixes, the dissertation consists of 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of the research works related to the dissertation topic
Trang 6Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for the quality and efficiency of vocational training
through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
Chapter 3: The reality of the quality and efficiency of vocational training through
the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen
Chapter 4: Solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training
through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen Province
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO
THE DISSERTATION TOPIC
1.1 Foreign research works
In many countries around the world, researches on vocational training, the quality and efficiency of vocational training through training cooperation, are highly concerned
by many international organizations, universities, research institutes, governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and academics
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
is the largest international organization that has a great interest in education and training, the quality and efficiency of education and training The studies, manuals, cooperation programs and development projects of UNESCO are quite numerous, diverse in genres and rich in content Based on systematic research, the quality and efficiency of education
and training, in 2013 UNESCO published the "UNESCO Handbook on Education Policy Analysis and Programming" [126] (Handbook for educational policy and planning) This
handbook proposes a systematic and structured method to support the analysis of education and training policies as well as to plan this field to strengthening the accessibility, improving the quality and efficiency of management, solving interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary issues for all levels as well as the type of education and training of each country It provides a theoretical framework for policy analysis, planning, and encourages policy exchange between government agencies and development partners; from there, it provides step-by-step instructions for analyzing policies and planning education and training programs
The UK Educational Development Agency is a professional organization working for the development of education and training systems, improvement of the capacity of its members, promotion of quality improvement and efficiency of vocational education and
training In 2001, the Agency published a work called "Measuring efficiency in development education" [116] This study sets out the principles when analyzing and evaluating an
educational system, efficiency evaluation and measurement objectives, the concepts of evaluation, efficiency, spillover effects, performance measurement indicators, efficiency levels: level of learners, level of education and training institution, level of state investment, level of efficiency across the economy and society
When studying education and vocational training, the author George Psacharopoulos (2008) [115] identified challenges and proposed some solutions to solve them Accordingly, vocational training plays a very important role in the issue of unemployment for young people; solving the shortage of intermediate technicians for enterprises to meet globalization requirements; propagating technological knowledge and
Trang 7this is also a suitable development path for students wishing to work early to earn money
to become independent quickly
The research results show that development problems such as: (i) young people who have received vocational training but are still unemployed; (ii) the development of training institutions in contrast to the shortage of skilled labor force in enterprises From that, the author has given reasons and solutions, including special attention to policies for workers and vocational training associated with the needs of enterprises and society [115]
Studying training cooperation models in the world, according to the PhD students, the current important issue in Vietnam is to research, select and apply which models and how to organize and manage them in accordance with the specific conditions of the country, at the same time, inheriting the valuable experiences of the countries ahead, creating the best effect for the cooperation Those measures are:
- The State should promulgate specific binding regulations on responsibilities, obligations and rights in vocational training institutions
It is necessary to organize a state management unit in charge of coordination of training cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
Professional associations are strongly promoted their role as the focal point to mobilize employers, enterprises to participate in all stages of the training process
Enterprises are responsible for contributing to the vocational training fund at the appropriate rate and are determined right after completing the procedures for setting up
an enterprise
The vocational training program is developed more flexibly, the theoretical program can follow the Ministry's framework program but allows institutions to train a higher percentage of flexibility (about 40%), the practical part is organized by the training institution and the enterprise in accordance with the requirements of the enterprise and the locality
1.2 Research situation in the country
In Vietnam, training cooperation at schools and enterprise to improve the quality and efficiency of vocational training is studied in different aspects:
The authors Nguyen Minh Duong [18]; [19]; [20]; [21]; [22], Phung Xuan Nha [49], Tran Khac Hoan [28], Phan Van Kha [35]; [36], Trinh Thi Hoa Mai [43], Nguyen Thi Kim Nha [50] and Tran Anh Tai [63], all shared the same opinion: The cooperation between training institutions and enterprises bring benefits not only for training institutions, enterprises and learners but also for the whole society
In particular, in an overview of the technical topics discussed in the regional conference on vocational training in Vietnam held on October 10 and 11, 2012, with the participation of German Development Organization GIZ through the coordination of the two ministries: Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development on the section:
“Breakthrough in vocational training quality” [66], the issues of benefits in training cooperation between training institutions and enterprises are summarized into the following 4 groups:
1 Benefits to the government in terms of: improving socio-economic conditions, people’s living standards; increasing the competitiveness of the sectors; improving
Trang 8economic activities and investment in education, supporting the state to achieve development goals
2 Benefits to enterprises, specifically: Enterprises have the opportunity to recruit human resources; Reducing the shortage of highly qualified and skilled manpower; Having a skilled workforce, increasing competitiveness; Skilled workers have the opportunity to develop their competencies
3 Benefits to the training institutions: Developing high quality training programs
to meet labor market needs; Having the opportunity to receive support from enterprises
on facilities, finance, personnel; Becoming a partner in the economic activities of the enterprise; Creating a position for training institutions, increasing enrollment capacity, creating jobs for students after graduation etc
4 Benefits for students: Ready to access jobs immediately after graduation; Having many high-paying job opportunities; Satisfied with the job; Having a certificate of vocational training; Better prepare for lifelong learning
Thus, according to the author of the dissertation, in the overall aspect, the benefits
of the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises are relatively sufficient and comprehensive Particularly, benefits for teachers who are teachers, lecturers and technical staff have not been specifically mentioned
Through the training cooperation, lecturers and teachers of training institutions have direct contact, update the changes of science and technology, improve professional practice knowledge; Technical officers of the enterprise have the opportunity to consolidate professional scientific knowledge, develop skills in the process of working with students However, discussing benefits must also pay attention to quality and efficiency At present, there is a lack of researches on the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
1.3 Comments through comprehensive study
According to the author of the dissertation, in general, domestic and foreign studies often refer to the objectives of each side or training institutions or enterprises, the studies have also mentioned some contents about the model of cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in vocational training as well as the actual quality of vocational training, solutions to improve the quality of vocational training to meet social needs, which has promoted the cooperation and coordination between vocational training institutions and enterprises The training cooperation between the training institution and the unit employing trained personnel is necessary, consistent with the development trend
of society, bringing practical benefits
Currently, the training cooperation is loose, coping, patchy, seasonal and has not become a joint activity of the school and enterprise The basic solutions to strengthen the relationship with enterprises are: renovating the cooperation method, building appropriate policies and mechanisms, innovating the content of training programs and methods, establishing organizations and services to associate operations between training institutions and human-use establishments However, there has not been any domestic or foreign research project which has studied holistically and in detail on improving the quality and efficiency of vocational training through the cooperation between training institutions and enterprises in Hung Yen province
Trang 9Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF
VOCATIONAL TRAINING THROUGH THE COOPERATION BETWEEN
TRAINING INSTITUTIONS AND ENTERPRISES 2.1 Quality of vocational training
2.1.1 Quality of vocational training
The quality of education and training in general and vocational training in particular is a fundamental issue and is the goal of continuous improvement of education
- training management levels as well as direct training institutions This is because in terms of macro, it directly affects the quality of the nation’s human resources - a
“bottleneck” in the country’s current economic development In terms of micro, training quality is the competitive advantage of the training institution, deciding the success or failure of the training institution in the context of increasing competition pressure There are many ways to understand vocational training quality based on different approaches
The concept of “Quality is assessed through the level of conformity with the goal” and “Quality is the response to the set target” are widely used in vocational training in
the world By this definition, vocational training institutions are allowed to operate to achieve the goals set out in their mission
The national testing system of Vietnam states that “Quality will be assessed by customers ranking the importance of quality characteristics as opposed to consistency and monetary value” Vocational training will ensure and improve the quality if well implemented
factors such as: meeting customer requirements; focusing on people and people who contribute to building their organization; having a long-term vision; manage changing effectively; having innovation; being effective; organizing good marketing with the market
From the aforementioned concepts, PhD students said that: The quality of vocational training results from the positive impact of elements that constitute the vocational training system and the training process operating in a certain environment to meet the set goals
2.1.2 Criteria for evaluating training quality
Criterion 1: The superiority of knowledge, skills or "value added" that the
training process creates for society The value added is intangible but measurable from the participants and relevant to the training Firstly, through the evaluation of the training institution through examinations, tests to assess student competency in the learning process Second, learners measure the value added of the training
process through the self-assessment process
Criterion 2, the perfection (not making mistakes) in the implementation
process or in other words, the completion of the process of equipping knowledge and skills according to the output occupational standards announced by the training institution to the society
Criterion 3, alignment with school plan goals Any training institution often
builds its vision, mission and goals
Criterion 4, quality is value for money (in terms of value for money) The
essence of this criterion is the quality of training, or “value added” that learners receive must be worthy of the investment of students, parents, schools and society
Criterion 5, quality is an ongoing process that allows customers (students) to
judge through their satisfaction In order to measure this criterion, we can examine
Trang 10students' satisfaction with the quality of lectures, quality of training programs, learning environment, and services provided by the school, knowledge and skills that students gain, the university's preparations to ensure the best transition from the school to the working environment, etc
2.1.3 Content, type and form of vocational training
Figure 2.5: Overall model of the training process
2.1.4 Factors affecting the quality of vocational training
a Internal factors (factors ensuring vocational training quality)
b External factors
Figure 2.6: Factors affecting training quality
Source: Summary of the author
It can be seen that there are external factors affecting vocational training quality, including the environment conditions of the job-training system These factors affect
Join the labor contract
- Knowledge, skills, career attitudes
- Current status of employment
- Career adaptation
- Income
- Development opportunities
- Self-employment
Feedback
Training quality
Internal factors
- Material and financial facilities
- Teachers, management officers
- Macro factors: global economic development trend; trend of science and technology development
Trang 11vocational training quality as conditions, supporting the system, combining with the internal factors into a system of factors impacting the quality of vocational training These factors can be generalized as shown in Figure 2.6
2.2 Vocational training effectiveness
2.2.1 Concept of vocational training effectiveness
Many administrators state that efficiency is a comparison of achieved results according to the goals aimed at, with the costs to achieve said results
2.2.2 Criteria of evaluating vocational training effectiveness
From the concept of vocational training efficiency as stated above, to evaluate the efficiency of the process, researches have pointed out the following criteria:
2.2.3 Factors that affect vocational training effectiveness
a The society’s need for labors, information on market of labor, goods and services
2.3 Theoretical issues about cooperation between training institutions and enterprises
2.3.1 Cooperation and cooperation in training
Cooperation in training is a combination of training institutions with enterprises to develop plans and implement on the principle of mutual responsibility and mutual benefit
to ensure the goals Cooperation of vocational training between training institutions and businesses is a form of vocational training on the basis of exchanging, cooperating, integrating functions between the affiliated objects In particular, the training institution plays a leading role while the enterprise is tasked to set goals, support training and control the output quality of the whole process
2.3.2 The goal for cooperation in training
2.3.3 Principles in cooperation in training between training institutions and enterprises
- Principle on ensuring the laws of supply and demand, equality, benefits and voluntary in cooperation in training
- Principle on ensuring appropriation between vocational training and the need of the enterprises
2.3.4 Contents and information on cooperation in between training institutions and enterprises in vocational training
- Cooperation in recruiting
- Cooperation in building up goals and contents of training program to meed the requirement of the enterprises
- Cooperation in ensuring resources
- Cooperation in ensuring finance and infrastructure conditions
- Cooperation in innovating teaching, learning, practicing methods
- Cooperation in innovating testing and evaluating methods in accordance with the requirements of the enterprises
- Cooperation in ensuring training quality and job quality for post-graduate students
2.3.5 Manage cooperation in vocational training between training institutions and enterprises
- Train human resources to achieve the aim of developing economy-society
- Ensure the balance between supply and demand in technical labor in the market
- Ensure the quality and efficiency in training human resources
Trang 12- Socialize in training human resources - create a convenient environment for cooperation in vocational training
The document of the 11th National Congress depicts that “Training human resources to meet the diverse and multi-layered requirements of technology and the development level of fields and industries Implementing close connections between businesses, employers, training facilities and the State to develop human resources according to social needs The State increases investment, while promoting socialization and mobilizing the whole society to take care of educational development.”
From the policy of socialization in human resource training of the Party and the State, the education and training system in general and the vocational training system in particular have been strengthened and developed widely The state management system
of vocational training at all levels is gradually being improved The mode of vocational training is quite diverse: regular vocational training, continuing vocational training, concentrated vocational training, mobile vocational training, enterprise-based vocational training, etc The State budget for vocational training has been increasing and still plays a leading role; the socialization of vocational training has brought about encouraging initial results By the end of 2016, the proportion of non-public investment funds was over 40%
of total investment in vocational training
2.3.6 Models of cooperation in vocational training
- Model: enterprise within school
- Model: school within enterprise
- Model: school outside enterprise
2.3.7 Benefits of cooperation in vocational training between training institutions and enterprises
- Benefits for the training institutions
- Benefits for the enterprises
- Benefits for the apprentices
- Benefits for the state
2.4 Quality and efficiency of cooperation in vocational training between training institution and enterprises
2.4.1 Quality of cooperation in vocational training between training institution and enterprises
2.4.2 Efficiency of cooperation in vocational training between training institution and enterprises
a Efficiency within training
b Efficiency outside of training
2.5 Experiences on models of cooperation in training
2.5.1 Model of dual system of Federal Republic of Germany
2.5.2 Model of training local human resources of Japan
2.5.3 Model of cooperation in training of Singapore
2.5.4 Model of cooperation in training of America
2.5.5 Model of cooperation in training of Hai Phong
2.5.6 Lessons learned for Hung Yen
First: Apply training models linking schools with enterprises of some countries in the world flexibly at vocational training institutions
Trang 13Second: Invest in equipment for training at basic and complete level
Third: Form and method of training
Fourth: Create a strategic network between training institutions and employers' organizations
Fifth: Bind responsibilities of businesses
Sixth: Enhance and increase fostering awareness about vocational training in a practical path
Seventh: Develop training program according to the module of practical skills Eighth Develop output standards for training occupations
CHAPTER 3 REALITY OF QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING THROUGH COOPERATION IN BETWEEN TRAINING INSTITUTIONS AND
ENTERPRISES IN HUNG YEN 3.1 Socio-economic scenario of Hung Yen province
3.1.1 Socio-economic situation of Hung Yen province in the period 2010-2018
Hung Yen is one of 11 provinces in the Red River Delta region, belonging to the key economic triangle Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh, which is one of the areas with the fastest economic growth rate in the country
In the period 2010-2018, Hung Yen had a relatively high economic growth rate The economic structure shifted rapidly towards reducing the proportion of agriculture and quickly increasing in service and industry In particular, industry and construction occupy the leading role, followed by service and agriculture, forestry and fishery (hereinafter referred to as agriculture) with the lowest proportion, respectively 51.01%, 28.60% and 10.94% (2017) However, the relatively slow transition showed that the economy of Hung Yen is approaching the balanced state of the current growth model In the period of 2010-2018, the agricultural structure only decreased by more than 7% (from 17.91% to 10.58%) and in contrast, industry-construction and services only increased by 3.1%; 2.8% (respectively) in the economic structure of the province (Chart 3.1)
Chart 3.1: Economic structure of Hung Yen province in 2010-2018, %
Field/year Agriculture
Industry-construction
Services
Marketing-Tax with allowance excluded
3.1.2 Characteristics on population, labor and employment
3.1.3 The need for labors of enterprises and labor exports