MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN VIETNAM ================ NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FEEDSTUFFS
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN VIETNAM
================
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FEEDSTUFFS AND OPTIMUM LEVELS OF APPARENT ILEAL AMINO ACIDS
DIGESTIBILITY IN COMMERCIAL PIG
DIETARY
Subject : Animal Sciences
ID : 62 62 01 05
Trang 2INTRODUCTION
1 The urgency of thesis
The true nutritional values of feed are determined properly through the animal digestion and absorption only, therefore, digestibility is an important indicator to evaluate the nutritional values
of the feed Determining the feedstuffs digestibility will more accurately evaluate the protein, amino acids in the feed content to be digested, as well as the digestible protein and amino acid demands to provide adequate protein and amino acids for animals With this evaluation system, the livestock demands for amino acids are now defined and expressed in digestible amino acids form and it was replaced to the previously calculation to identified and calculated the needs of amino acids by crude protein form The studies on ileal digestibility of feedstuffs are fair new in Vietnam and there was very few experimental in native pigs or in few raw materials supplied protein and /or energy in animal dietary There was no publication about apparent ileal amino acids digestibility in commercial pigs in Vietnam currently, so, the study on the topic is necessary to evaluate exactly the optimum amino acids level needed to supply for commercial pig dietary It helps to avoid the excess of amino acids in diets, thus, reducing environment pollution as well as increasing the feed cost Besides, it also meets the increasing demands of livestock producers about the optimal ration for livestock
2 Thesis objective
- Determining chemical composition and amino acids content
in 25 commonly used feed ingredients in commercial pigs diets in Vietnam
- Determining apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of the
25 feed ingredients in commercial pigs diets in Vietnam
- Determining the optimum levels of amino acids needs in commercial pigs dietary by apparent ileal digestibility method
3 The novelty of thesis
Thesis results are contributed systematic information about chemical compositions, nutrional values and up-to-date the data of apparent ileal amino acids digestibility properly Amino acids requirements of commercial pigs is calculated by apparent ileal amino acids digestibility instead of under crude protein form Therefore, it
Trang 3helps to supply the nutrients which matched the needs for growth performance and development in pigs
Studies on determining the amino acids requirements of apparent ileal digestibility in commercial pigs were very few and just few results were published Therefore, the research is totally new in Vietnam
4 Scientific and pratical values
- Supply a relatively comprehensive set of data on chemical composition and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and proteins of most commonly used feed ingredients to dietary ration in commercial pigs in Vietnam today
- Determining the apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of commercial pigs to get digestible amino acids amount exactly which match to the growth performance and development in the pigs, so that avoid the excess or shortage nutritional replenishment leading to waste, which still does not guarantee the best growth performance of the pigs
Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH
1.1 International research situation
Nutrition researchers in the world suggested that in order to properly assess the value of amino acids for pigs, the digestibility must
be determined at the end of the small intestine instead of the entire digestive tract due to the effect of microflora in large intestine and determination of the ileal digestibility method were more appropriate for pigs Crude protein content in dietary affected to ileal amino acids digestibility and close related to properties of dietary fiber High environmental temperatures did not affect the total digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter, as well as apparent ileal digestibility (AID)
of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) in pigs Feed ration of pigs based on
AA digestibility instead of total AA could reduce nitrogen excretion
1.2 Vietnam research situation
There were few feedstuffs experimented by ileal digestibility in Vietnam such as: soybean products (extruded soybean, roasted soybean, soybean meal from Argentina and India); high protein ingredients (fishmeal, peanut oil cake, shrimp meal, fresh shrimp meal and silaged shrimp meal; high energy ingredients (maize, broken rice, rice bran, wheat bran, cassava) and some traditional ingredients
Trang 4(rubber oil cake, coconut oil cake, dried/ silage cassava leaves, peanut stalk and arrowroot leaves Studies on AID of AA conducted to determine lysine digestibility/ME in in commercial pigs (4 blood) diets and demands of energy, protein and AA digestibility (lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine) in Landrace and Yorkshire gilts
Chapter 2: CONTENTS, MATERIALS AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 2.1 Contents of the research
- Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular feedstuffs for pig dietary
- Determining of apparent ileal amino acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary
- Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs
2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Time and places of the research
- Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular
feedstuffs for pig dietary at the livestock laboratory under Institute of Animal Sciences Southern Vietnam from Jul 2011- Nov 2011
- Determining of apparent ileal amino acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary was conducted at Binh Thang pig research & Development Center and livestock laboratory under Institute of Animal Sciences Southern Vietnam from Nov 2011- May 2012
- Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs was conducted at Thai my pig farm, My Khanh B Hamlet, Thai My Commune, Cu Chi, HCMC from 27 March 2013 –
21 Nov 2014
2.2.2 Experimental subjects
- The feedstuffs: 25 samples of common ingredients which
used diet ration were collected at feedmills, retails and as well as feed factories in Vietnam
- Grower pigs: 504 exotic grower pigs were entired into the research, in which included 400 pigs ((Duroc×(Yorkshire× Landrace), 200 castrated male pigs and 200 female pigs) with an
Trang 5average weight of 20,1 ± 0,3 kg and 104 pigs (Yorkshire× Landrace), with an average weight of 32 ± 3 kg
Analysed parameters: Humidity (TCVN 4326-2001), Crude protein (TCVN 4328-1:2007), crude fat (TCVN 4331-2001), Crude fiber (TCVN 4329-2007), ash (TCVN 4327-2007), Calci (TCVN 15261:2007), total Phosphorus (TCVN 1525-2001), ME according to formula published by Just (1984); amino acid analysis: reversed-phase HPLC amino acid analysis method Water ACCQ•Tag according to handbook of Institute of Animal research, Queensland, Australia and referred to AOAC 994.12
2.3.2 Determining of Apparent Ileal Amino Acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary
2.3.2.1 Materials
- 25 kinds of feedstuffs used in pig industry and basal diet
- 104 castrated males (Yorkshire x Landrace) in growing phase with an average starting weight of 32 ± 3 kg
The basal diet: corn starch, casein, DCP, salt, minerals and vitamins premix, crude protein 18% (NRC, 1998)
The experimental diets: basal diet + 20% of a feedstuffs The experimental pigs were fed twice per day at 8:00h and
Trang 615:00h with 90% amount of ad libitum program The feed was mixed with water at ratio of 1:1 Drinking water was provided by well water through nipples The digesta was collected according to Donkoh method (1994) On the 14th day of each round, after 9 hours of the last feeding, the animals were slaughtered to collect ileal digesta immediately at the last 20 cm section of ileal (counted up from ileocecal valve) and weighed The ileal digesta was stored at minus
200C and be dried within 48 hours, milled and to analyse dry matter, protein and amino acids
2.3.3 Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs
A total of 400 grower pigs (Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire)
at 60 days-old with an average weight of 20,1 ± 0,3 kg, and allocated
to 4 treatments (10 castrated male and 10 female/treatment with 5 replications The experimental diets was formulated by software Feedlive 1.5 based on the practice ingredients and data results of past part of the research The experimental animals were accessed fed and water ad libitum The experiment design as follows:
Treatment 1: diet with level of AIAAD 1 (=90% amount of
AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 2: diet with level of AIAAD 2 (=100% amount of
AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 3: diet with level of AIAAD 3 (=110% amount of
AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 4: diet with level of AIAAD 4 (=120% amount of
AIAAD according to NRC 1998)
Trang 72.1 Experiment diets of grower pigs stage 1 (20 – 50 kg) Ingredients Treat 1 Treat 2 Treat 3 Treat 4
2.3.3.3 Measurements and records
+ Feed intake: daily record, and then calculated at end of each phase and whole trial
Trang 8+ Initial weight, weight at d60 of trial and finishing weight (d120)
2.3.3.4 Data analysis
The data will be recorded and analysed by Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and ANOVA analysis -MINITAB software version 16.20 for Windows Differences among treatments will be separated Tukey test The significance level will be considered
αi : the effect of A treatment level i
eij :the error effect associated with Yij
Chapter 3: RESULT 3.1 Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular feedstuffs for pig dietary
3.1.1 Nutritional composition of some grains
Table 3.1 Nutritional composition of some grain samples
Parameter
High quality maize (n=3)
Maize (n=3)
Broken rice (n=3)
Barley (n=3)
Wheat (n=3)
Trang 94.9%, average 3.1%; the ash (total minerals) 1.0-3.3% (ash of wheat 0.5%), average 1.5% However, the ME of the grains contained differently and ranged from 2,739.5 Kcal/kg in barley to 3,318.5 Kcal/kg in broken rice
The AA profile, special essential AA content in the grains were often not enough if single used them to formulate diet for pigs The
AA contained different between the grains (see table 3.2) The lysine was 2.3 - 3.6 g/kg; methionine was similar between maize, barley and wheat with 1.7 g/kg, but it was higher in broken rice 2.4 g/kg; threonine ranged from 2.7 – 3.4 g/kg; tryptophan was 0.3 – 1.3 g/kg
In the same kind of grain, the high quality grain showed the higher nutritional value compared to the normal one This was allowed natural rule because the high quality grain was lower impurities and was not degenerated by oxidation, preservation and molds The results were agreed with published data by NRC (1998), National Institute of Animal Sciences Vietnam, (2001), La Van Kinh (2003), and Sauvant (2004)
Table 3.2 AA content in some kinds of grain samples (g/kg) Parameter High quality maize
(n=3)
maize (n=3)
broken rice (n=3)
Barley (n=3)
Wheat (n=3)
Trang 10kind of grain, the tryptophan rate to crude protein was the lowest one (0.4 – 1.2%)
Table 3.3 AA rate to crude protein of some kinds of grain samples (%) Parameter
High quality maize (n=3)
maize (n=3)
Broken rice (n=3)
Barley (n=3)
Wheat (n=3)
by-a) Nutritional composition of some kinds of bran
There was no significant difference between the rice brans excepted crude fat (2.7 – 11.7%) and ash (3.7 – 10.4%) (see table 3.4 The nutritional composition was depended on the kind of the by-products and their processing ME of the rice brans was ranged from 2,486.9 – 2,885.1 Kcal/kg and their ME was lower than those of the grains
Table 3.4: Nutritional composition of some kinds of bran samples
Parameter Extracted rice bran
(n=3)
High quality rice bran (n=3)
Normal rice bran (n=3)
High quality wheat bran (n=3)
Normal wheat bran (n=3)
Trang 11There was no significant different about essential AA content in the brans (see table 3.5) The lysine content ranged from 4.4– 6.6 g/kg, the methionine was 2.0– 2.7 g/kg, and the threonine was 3.9– 5.3 g/kg However, the tryptophan in wheat bran (2.2 – 2.7 g/kg) contained double amount compared to those of rice bran (1.3 – 1.4 g/kg)
Table 3.5 AA content of some kinds of bran samples (g/kg)
Parameter
Extracte
d rice bran (n=3)
High quality rice bran (n=3)
Normal rice bran (n=3)
High quality wheat bran (n=3)
Normal wheat bran (n=3)
Table 3.6: AA rate to crude protein of some kinds of bran (%)
Parameter Extracted rice bran
(n=3)
High quality rice bran (n=3)
Normal rice bran (n=3)
High quality wheat bran (n=3)
Normal wheat bran (n=3)
b) Nutritional composition of cassava root and cassava residues
The nutritional compositions of cassava root and cassava residues were lower more than those of brans and grains (see table 3.7) Crude protein was 3.0% in cassava root and 1.9% in cassava residues whereas the crude protein was 13,7% in brans and 9.6% in grains The crude fat was 0.6% in cassava root and 1.1% in cassava residues while
it was 6.5% in brans and 3.1% in grains The other nutrition parameters
of cassava roots and cassava residues were lower than those of brans
Trang 12and grains as well ME of cassava roots (3,172.5 Kcal/kg) was higher than those of cassava residues (2,717.6 Kcal/kg) These dued to the crude protein in cassava root higher than those of cassava residues as well as the fiber content in cassava residue (2.1%) was higher than those of cassava root (8.1%) The findings was agreed with the published data by La Van Kinh (2003)
Table 3.7 Nutritional composition of cassava root and cassava residue samples
(n=3)
Cassava residue (n=3)
Table 3.8 AA content of cassava root and cassava residue samples g/kg)
Parameter Cassava root (n=3) Cassava risidue (n=3)
Trang 13Due to crude protein was very low in cassava (root and residue), their AA rate to crude protein was low, under 5% (see table 3.9.
Table 3.9The AA rate to crude protein of cassava root and cassava residue (%)
Parameter Cassava root (n=3) Cassava residue (n=3)
Table 3.10 Nutritional composition of some protein feedstuffs
from animal by-product samples Parameter Fishmeal
50% CP (n=3)
Dried fishmeal 65% CP (n=3)
Meat meal (n=3)
Meat and bone meal (n=3)