Nghiên cứu về Đặc Điểm và cách thức tạo từ tạo mới tiếng hàn từ Đó Đề xuất phương hướng giảng dạy cho người học tiếng hàn tại việt nam tập trung vào các loại từ tạo mới thời kì covid 19
서 론
논문 목적 및 필요성
Since 2017, some middle schools in Vietnam have begun pilot programs to teach Korean as a second language.
According to the Vietnam Korean Studies Association, Korean is currently taught as a regular subject at 32 universities nationwide, with over 16,000 students enrolled as of 2021 Hanoi National University of Foreign Languages is also included in this initiative.
In 2018, a master's program in Korean language was established in South Korea By February 2021, the Ministry of Education introduced a pilot 10-year Korean general education program, confirming that Korean would be taught as a foreign language from grades 3 to 12 This decision highlights the significant importance and influence of foreign languages, particularly Korean, in Vietnam, where the promotion of Korean language education is increasingly gaining momentum.
There is a growing need for more research on the Korean language and culture.
The period from 2019 to 2022 is considered one of the most volatile times of the 21st century Similar to historical pandemics such as the Hong Kong flu in 1968 and the H1N1 outbreak in 2009, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health and society.
COVID-19 has profoundly impacted the world and humanity over the past two years, affecting various aspects of science, technology, society, and culture.
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered significant changes across various fields, including education, politics, and economics, and linguistics is no exception This historical study highlights the unprecedented emergence of neologisms in recent years, providing a comprehensive perspective on how the pandemic has influenced society and the field of linguistics for current and future researchers.
Acquiring a language involves learning vocabulary and understanding the rules for arranging that vocabulary.
A language encompasses an infinite and open vocabulary, meaning that even if we speak a language, we do not necessarily understand all its words The process of language acquisition requires continuous effort to learn vocabulary, as it exists in an endlessly open manner Ultimately, our language proficiency is determined by our vocabulary skills.
Expanding and deepening vocabulary is a fundamental task not only in foreign language studies but also in native language education A systematic understanding of vocabulary is crucial for grasping the essence of language The significance of vocabulary research in linguistics lies not only in understanding the nature of language itself but also in enhancing practical language skills.
For Korean language learners, becoming familiar with neologisms can significantly enhance the communication process.
The translation and interpretation process related to COVID-19 can significantly save time.
1 출처: KBS WORLD (https://bit.ly/3LNoiJq)
The study primarily focuses on Korean language learners in Vietnam Currently, there is a lack of research on effective methods for learners to engage with and learn Korean neologisms This study aims to provide valuable resources for learners Additionally, by analyzing the data according to fundamental linguistic theories, it is expected to contribute to Korean language education, thereby enhancing the quality of teaching and learning.
선행연구
Since the 1980s, research related to new languages has gained momentum, primarily approached from a linguistic perspective Notable figures in the early study of neologisms include Nam Gi-shim (1983) and Kim Kwang-hae (1993).
In 1983, Nam Gi-sim referred to neologisms as "new words," emphasizing their role in assigning new meanings or altering existing ones.
The article defines loanwords as foreign terms that have been adopted into a language It emphasizes the significance of studying neologisms as a primary focus of research.
The significance of this article lies in its exploration of the causes behind the formation of new words and the classification of these neologisms.
According to Kim Kwang-hae (1993), the concept of neologisms arises in response to the material and social changes within a linguistic community.
A new term, or "neologism," was defined to express the necessity of its emergence Vocabulary is categorized into technical terms, neologisms, and slang, distinguishing them based on their collective nature Neologisms and slang are further differentiated by their permanence, providing a systematic classification of neologisms that previously lacked clear boundaries This structured approach offers significant value in understanding the scope of neologisms.
Initial research established the definition and scope of neologisms while analyzing their causes.
The significance is substantial, yet the foundational data based on neologisms must rely on objective and statistical information.
Since 1994, the National Institute of the Korean Language has begun investigating neologisms and has started publishing collections of new words, highlighting a significant development in the study of contemporary language.
다음으로 국립국어원이 발표한 신어문서목록에 대한 연구라면 김희영(1999),
전명미ã최동주(2007), 김윤화(2010) 등이 있다
Kim Hee-young (1999) analyzed the background of neologism creation and its lexical characteristics based on a collection of neologisms from 1994 and 1995.
The study analyzed various fish species and their formation processes It examined the use of existing vocabulary in terms of meaning and form, distinguishing cases where flexibility is lacking The findings revealed that Chinese characters are frequently utilized in the formation of neologisms from a productivity perspective.
In a study by Jeon Myung-mi and Choi Dong-joo (2007), a comprehensive collection of neologisms was compiled based on data gathered from 2002 to 2004, covering a span of three years.
The classification of words has been organized into categories based on their origins: native words, Sino-Korean words, foreign words, and hybrid words The types of new words are categorized according to these classifications.
Loanwords and hybrid words play a significant role, and it has been noted that compounding is the most actively utilized process in the formation of new words.
Kim Yun-hwa (2010) analyzed the list of neologisms published by the National Institute of the Korean Language from 1994 to 2005, focusing on the emergence and significance of new words during this period.
연구 문제
Language evolves over time, and the period from 2019 to 2022 has witnessed significant changes.
Researching the neologisms that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic marks a significant milestone in the history of Korean language studies.
Whether you are a Korean native or a learner of the Korean language, it can be challenging to fully grasp the content without prior exposure Understanding the frequency of usage is essential for effective comprehension.
As the scope of application expands, the emergence of new words that become officially recognized is expected to increase Therefore, a curated list of neologisms that can provide practical assistance in the translation and interpretation process for Korean language learners is essential.
It is essential to explore innovative educational strategies that incorporate new terminology in the classroom.
The primary research focus of this paper is to analyze the formation methods of Korean neologisms, thereby examining existing new words in the language.
A comprehensive analysis of the total number is not feasible Therefore, to ensure the quality of the research, the list of Korean neologisms related to COVID-19 is limited to 100 words This collection of 100 neologisms is intended to serve as a valuable resource for Vietnamese learners and educators of the Korean language.
이론적 배경
신조어의 개념과 특징
Dictionaries vary in their definitions and scopes of neologisms, and this can be summarized as follows.
사전 따른 개념
The National Institute of the Korean Language defines a new word in the "Standard Korean Dictionary" as a term that has recently emerged or a foreign word that has newly been adopted.
‘신조어’ 또는 ‘새말’로도 표현한다고 하였다 ‘신어’,
‘새말’, ‘신조어’, ‘신생어’와 같은 다양한 용어가 함께
사용되고 있는 것이다
「국어학사전」 ‘새말'이라고 하며, '외래어까지도 포함하여 새로 나오는
말을 통칭하는 뜻'이라고 정의하고 있다
The newly created or borrowed linguistic terms in the "Korean Language and Linguistics Dictionary" enhance the understanding of language studies.
Every language has words that have existed for a long time, yet they can acquire entirely new meanings.
「언어학사전」 명칭을 '신조어'로 정의하고 있으며 '새로운 단어 또는
Words that have existed can acquire new meanings, often influenced by foreign languages, specialized fields, or specific social groups Additionally, terms that fell out of use in the past may be revived and reintroduced into contemporary language.
등이 포함된다'고 정의하고 있다
The "Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture" serves to articulate both existing and newly emerged concepts and entities.
위해 지어낸 말'이라고 '신어'를 정의하고 있다
The term 'neologism' is defined as a newly created word that is actively used, as outlined in the Doosan Encyclopedia and Dpedia.
The dictionary defines terms such as 'newly created words', 'borrowed language from other languages', 'words invented to express new concepts and objects', and 'naturalized foreign words' Depending on the dictionary, these are referred to as 'neologisms' or 'newly coined words'.
'신어'와 '신조어'가 구분되지 않고 사용되고 있는 것을 볼
The definition of neologisms varies based on the researcher's perspective, leading to differences in opinions and the scope of what constitutes a neologism.
According to Nam Gi-sim (1983), a neologism is a newly created word that is invented to express a new concept or object.
According to Kang Shin-hang (1991), new words emerge as a necessity to express new objects that arise due to changes in society.
부득이하게 만들어진 어휘라고 하였다 3
According to Kim Kwang-hae (1993), neologisms emerge as a means to express new concepts that arise from social and material changes.
필요성에 의해 만들어진 단어라고 정의하였다 4
Moon Geum-hyun (1999) systematically organizes the concept of neologisms, beginning with the definition of 'newly coined words' as those that emerge from existing languages.
The term 'neologism' is defined as a newly created word without flexibility, while 'new words' are described as secondary vocabulary generated based on existing language resources The term 'new terms' is used to encompass these concepts.
Lee Seung-myung (2001) defines the meaning of neologisms in two ways: broadly and narrowly In the broad sense, neologisms encompass a wide range of new words and expressions that emerge in language.
신조어 교육의 필요성
There is a lack of discussion on how to teach neologisms and what should be learned through this educational process.
It is an undeniable fact that the curriculum for the Korean language typically includes newly coined terms as part of its teaching guidelines.
The reality is that the curriculum is primarily structured around basic vocabulary used in everyday life, making it challenging to incorporate neologisms as teaching topics However, in South Korea, there is a growing need to address this issue.
Over the past decade, the importance of teaching Korean neologisms has increasingly been emphasized To support the necessity of neologism education, Korean scholars have presented various representative viewpoints.
To advocate for the necessity of neologism education, Korean scholars present several representative arguments.
견해를 제시하였다
According to Yeo So-mong (2010), if Korean language learners are not familiar with neologisms, it can hinder their learning process as well as their abilities in translation and interpretation.
The article emphasizes the importance of teaching new vocabulary to facilitate smooth communication and understanding, as miscommunication can lead to confusion during interactions.
Lee Rae-ho (2011) emphasizes that the education of neologisms, which encompasses challenging vocabulary and cultural elements, is essential for effective Korean language learning.
The use of neologisms in various forms of media, such as computer communications, newspapers, magazines, and broadcast subtitles, highlights their prevalence in everyday conversations among program hosts Understanding these new words is essential, as a lack of knowledge or misinterpretation can hinder effective communication This issue is particularly pronounced between Koreans who are familiar with the meanings of these terms and foreigners who are not, leading to potential misunderstandings.
The need for teaching neologisms to Korean language learners is essential, as they can significantly enhance communication skills In Korean language education, neologisms hold important value alongside general vocabulary for improving overall proficiency.
Yoonina (2012: 23-29) conducted a survey targeting Korean language learners and instructors, revealing insights into the use of neologisms.
The necessity of education has been highlighted, particularly regarding the teaching of neologisms to Korean language learners A survey revealed that 71% of respondents believe that instruction in new words is essential for effective communication with Koreans.
Kim Baek-hee (2018) emphasizes that the education of neologisms is essential for a proper understanding of Korean society and culture, as well as how these concepts are expressed through language.
It was stated that expressing and receiving communication can be demonstrated through language Learning a new language enables interaction with diverse groups of people and reflects linguistic phenomena from various countries By comparing the new language with their own cultural language, learners can achieve positive educational outcomes.
Hyun-kyu Jeong (2020) argues that not all newly created neologisms need to be learned, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate educational terms.
통한 신어 교육이 이루어져야 한다고 말하였다
연구 대상 및 방법
The survey targets students from the 2nd to the 4th year at Hanoi National University of Foreign Languages The questionnaire includes
A total of 60 students from the 2nd to 4th grades participated in the study, with the student population evenly divided among three grades The participants included students majoring in Korean translation from the Department of Korean Language and Culture, those majoring in Education, and students pursuing double majors.
조사 참여자 정보
국적 베트남 베트남 베트남
인원 20명 20명 20명
학교 하노이 국립외대 하노이 국립외대 하노이 국립외대
학년 2학년 3학년 4학년
전공 별로 참여 인원
학년 사범학 전공 한국어 부전공 통.번역 전공
2학년 7명 1명 12명
3학년 3명 3명 14명
4학년 7명 1명 12명
연구방법은 통계-정리-조사-분석의 네 단계로 요약될 수 있다
연구방법
Based on the theoretical foundations obtained from previous linguists, this paper presents its first statistical analysis.
주제와 관련된 연구들을 수집한다 인터넷 자료도 참조하고 코로나-19 와
The article analyzes relevant neologisms, alongside research, papers, and articles related to COVID-19.
We compile 100 terms related to the number 19 by selecting words based on specific criteria These criteria include clear structural components, easily understandable definitions, and terms commonly used in everyday life.
In the second section, review the new vocabulary related to COVID-19 and compile a comprehensive list of these terms.
The article analyzes the components of neologisms and categorizes them into appropriate groups Specifically, it divides them into two main groups based on classification methods: one based on the endings of the vocabulary and the other based on the structure of the words.
The third investigation utilized a questionnaire method to explore learners' understanding of new terms related to COVID-19.
The study investigated comprehension levels Research in the field of lexicology does not exhibit characteristics of either theoretical or practical linguistics.
The study also gathered learners' opinions on educational strategies for teaching neologisms, as it is essential to address the challenges of understanding new terms.
The fourth analysis focuses on the numerical evaluation of survey data to determine which teaching methods should be implemented in schools.
결론을 짓는다
연구 결과
어휘의 종료로 코로나-19 관련 한국어 신조어의 형성원리
Korean vocabulary can be categorized into three main types based on their origins: native words, Sino-Korean words, and loanwords.
In this study, over 50% of the vocabulary consists of Sino-Korean words Among the 100 new words analyzed, the research categorized them into native words, Sino-Korean words, loanwords, hybrid words, and abbreviations Loanwords accounted for the largest portion at 41%, followed by hybrid words, while native words ranked third Sino-Korean words, along with abbreviations, were found to be the least prevalent.
According to the National Institute of the Korean Language, native words are those that have existed in the language from the beginning or are newly created based on them.
The term is a creation, primarily consisting of basic Korean vocabulary that largely serves grammatical functions, reflecting the characteristics of native words In this study, neologisms made up only 7% of the total.
고유 신조어
(1) 누죽걸산 '누으면 죽고 걸으면 산다'의 줄임말
끊임없이 움직여야 건강해지고 즐겁게 살 수 있으므로 자주 걷지 않으면
Restricting outdoor activities can lead to significant consequences, including the risk of depression and physical deterioration, even for healthy individuals It is essential to maintain a balance between indoor and outdoor activities to support overall well-being.
The article emphasizes the importance of consistently practicing 'Nujukgeolsan' as a means to enjoy a healthy life, urging individuals not to use COVID-19 as an excuse to neglect their well-being.
(2) 나죽집산 '나가면 죽고 집에 있으면 산다'의 줄임말
백신이 없었을 때는 누구나 코로나-19를 당하면 목숨이 위태로워지었다
밖에 나가면 누구에게 감염되는지 예측 못해서 집에서 가만히 있는 것은
가장 안전한 방법이 되었다
(3) 돌밥돌밥 '돌아서면 밥 차리고 돌아서면 밥 차리고'의 줄임말
The term that emerged in 2020 during the spread of COVID-19 reflects the situation of parents, particularly mothers, who spent significant time preparing meals for their children as schools delayed openings and transitioned to online learning, resulting in extended periods of children staying at home.
(4) 집콕 '집에 콕 박혀 있다'의 줄임말
어디 나가지 않고 집안에만 틀어 박혀 무언가를 한다는 뜻이다
(5) 코끝모 '코로나가 끝으면 모이자'의 줄임말
코로나-19 확산이 지속되면서 가족이나 친구 여러 명이 모이는 게 쉽지
The longing for in-person gatherings has led to the emergence of greetings shared through social networking services (SNS).
The rapid increase in weight among individuals confined at home due to isolation is primarily attributed to a significant decrease in outdoor activities.
(7) 흩살뭉죽 ‘흩어지면 살고 뭉치면 죽는다’의 줄임말
뭉살흩죽은 말 그대로 '뭉치면 살고 흩어지면 죽는다'의 줄임말이다
1597년 명량해전을 앞둔 이순신 장군이 병사들에게 강조했던 직언이고,
1945년 이승만 대통령이 국민의 단결을 호소하기 위해 했던 말로, 오랜
The saying that has been passed down through time takes on a new meaning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic Instead of the traditional notion of "coming together to survive," we now refer to the concept of "scattering to survive," which emphasizes the importance of maintaining distance This means that rather than gathering in large groups, it is advisable to stay at least two meters apart from others In this new reality, survival hinges on dispersing rather than congregating.
사는 시대가 낳은 이색 풍경이다
Hanja words refer to the Chinese characters used in Korean literature during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties After the creation of Hangul, these Hanja terms were adapted into the Korean language, reflecting the historical influence of Chinese literature on Korean culture.
The text refers to words transcribed into Hangul based on the pronunciation of Korean speakers Sino-Korean vocabulary primarily encompasses conceptual and specialized terms rather than basic vocabulary While most of these words are nouns, they can occasionally be used as other parts of speech.
있다 본 연구에는 신조어 고유어가 6%에 불과하였다
한자 신조어
Individuals who have been infected with or may have been exposed to a contagious disease should self-isolate.
집(自家)에서 알아서 외출을 금하고 외부 접촉을 삼가는 경우를 가리킨다
When the latent virus enters the body, it initially replicates to increase its population.
The period during which the virus is not yet capable of transmission is referred to as the "incubation period." For COVID-19, this incubation period typically ranges from 2 to 14 days.
단어의 구성으로 코로나-19 관련 한국어 신조어의 형성 원리
The formation of words in the Korean language can be broadly categorized into single words, derived words, and compound words New words are typically classified based on these categories, distinguishing between single words and compound words Compound words can further be divided into synthetic and derived forms, while derived words are categorized into prefix-derived and suffix-derived forms Additionally, compound words can be classified according to their combination methods into synthetic, hybrid, and abbreviated forms.
The study reveals that words consisting of a single root are prevalent, with neologisms represented as the lowest category at just 1%.
단어에서 차용된 'Coronic'라는 '코로닉'이란 외래어 신조어이다
A word can be formed by attaching affixes to a single root morpheme or by combining two or more root morphemes Based on the method of word formation, words are classified into compounds and derivatives In this study, the number of compounds was found to be greater than that of derivatives.
합성 신조어
(1) 격리해제 한자어에서 차용된 '격리'라는 명사와 '해제'라는 명사의
Individuals who have been infected with or are suspected of being infected by an infectious disease should be isolated for a specific period Once the criteria for release are met, they can be discharged from isolation.
원상 복귀하도록 풀어주는 조치를 말함
(2) 공스장 한자어에서 차용된 '공원'라는 명사와 체육관을 뜻인
'헬스장'라는 명사의 합성어
Due to social distancing measures, individuals are unable to visit gyms, prompting them to seek out nearby parks equipped with exercise equipment to fulfill their desire for physical activity.
(3) 공적 마스크 한자어에서 차용된 '공적'라는 명사와 영어 단어에서 차용된
'mask'라는 명사의 합성어
The public mask initiative in South Korea was established by the government to ensure a steady supply of health masks by purchasing the majority of the production output.
약국 등을 통해 판매한 마스크이다
(4) 공채포비아 공개 채용'의 줄임 말인 ‘공채’와 공포증을 뜻하는 'Phobia'라는
명사의 합성어
The prolonged employment crisis in the job market has led to the emergence of new terminology During recruitment seasons, many individuals experience intense anxiety, prompting them to avoid job-seeking activities.
마음까지 생기는 상황을 일컫는 말이다
(5) 금스크 한자어에서 차용된 '금'라는 명사와 영어 단어에서 차용된
'mask'라는 명사의 합성어
The surge in demand for masks due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in their scarcity and prices, making them as valuable as gold.
귀하다는 의미로 사용되고 있다
(6) 뉴노멀 영어 단어에서 차용된 새를 뜻하는 'new '라는 관형사와 평범한
뜻인 'normal'라는 명사의 합성어
(7) 덕분에 챌린지 ‘덕분에’라는 부사와 영어 단어에서 차용된 'challenge'라는
명사의 합성어
덕분에 챌린지는 2020년 초, 코로나 바이러스 감염증의 창궐
The campaign was initiated to honor the dedication and hard work of South Korean medical professionals.
(8) 동네 소비 ‘동네'라는 명사와 한자어에서 차용된 '소비'라는 명사의
The term refers to shopping habits near one's residence With the spread of COVID-19 and the rise of non-contact services, there has been an increase in "local consumption," leading to a significant boost in the commercial areas surrounding residential neighborhoods.
(9) 둠스크롤링 영어 단어에서 차용된 파멸을 뜻인 'doom'라는 명사와 댓글
내리는 뜻인 'scrolling'라는 동사의 합성어
(10) 드라이브 스루 영어 단어에서 차용된 운전하는 뜻인 'drive'라는 동사와
'through'라는 부사의 합성어
(11) 등린이 ‘등산하다'라는 동사와 각 분야 초보자의 뜻을 더하는
'린이’라는 접미사의 합성어
트랜스포메이션
영어 단어에서 차용된 'digital'라는 형용사와
'transformation'라는 명사의 합성어
(13) 마기꾼 영어 단어에서 차용된 'mask'라는 명사와 한자어에서 차용된
'사기꾼'이라는 명사의 합성어
The phrase highlights the stark contrast between the imagined face and the actual appearance when masks are removed This humorous expression reflects the reality of daily life during the COVID-19 pandemic, where wearing masks has obscured our ability to see each other's faces Additionally, there is a new term related to the phenomenon of not recognizing others' faces due to mask-wearing.
(14) 마스크네 영어 단어에서 차용된 'mask'라는 명사와 여드름을 뜻인
'acne'라는 명사의 합성어
(15) 마테크 영어 단어에서 차용된 'marketing'라는 명사와 기술을 뜻인
'technology'라는 명사의 합성어
(16) 밀접 접촉자 한자어에서 차용된 '밀접'라는 명사와 '접촉자'라는 명사의
Theo Trung tâm Kiểm soát và Phòng ngừa Dịch bệnh Hoa Kỳ (CDC), những người tiếp xúc gần với người nhiễm bệnh sẽ bắt đầu được cách ly từ hai ngày trước khi triệu chứng đầu tiên xuất hiện hoặc, trong trường hợp không có triệu chứng, từ hai ngày trước khi có kết quả dương tính với COVID-19, trong khoảng thời gian mà họ đã ở gần người nhiễm bệnh.
누적 총 15분 이상 6피트 미만 거리에 있었던 사람)이다 6
The term 'variant,' borrowed from the Chinese characters for 'mutation,' refers to a type of virus that has undergone changes.
'virus'라는 명사의 합성어
The phenomenon of different individuals existing within the same species, regardless of gender or age, is known as phenotypic variation This variation can result from environmental factors or mutations caused by changes in genes Notably, there are several types of COVID-19 variants, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants.
(18) 산스장 한자어에서 차용된 '산'이라는 명사와 체육관을 뜻인
'헬스장'라는 명사의 합성어
Due to social distancing measures, access to indoor sports facilities has become challenging, leading individuals to exercise using outdoor fitness equipment installed along hiking trails.
6 출처: 국립 예방 접종 및 호흡기 질환 센터(NCIRD), 바이러스성 질병 부서