商务汉语词汇及其理论依据
商务汉语词汇之特点
Business Chinese vocabulary combines the characteristics of general Chinese vocabulary with specialized terminology, highlighting its domain-specific nature Compared to general Chinese vocabulary, business Chinese exhibits distinct features that set it apart.
（1） 专业性、语言规范性较强
The development of business trade activities has resulted in a well-established system, leading to a mature vocabulary system in Business Chinese This specialized vocabulary is characterized by its professionalism and linguistic norms, especially evident in business terminology Terms in this vocabulary provide standardized conceptual definitions for the entities and actions encountered in business activities, reflecting the professionalism of participants who uniformly utilize these standardized terms.
Trong cuộc sống hàng ngày, chúng ta thường sử dụng các từ như "mua" và "bán" để chỉ các giao dịch Tuy nhiên, trong các hoạt động kinh doanh, đặc biệt là trong những bối cảnh chính thức và có quy mô lớn, cần sử dụng một loạt các thuật ngữ chuyên môn và quy chuẩn như "mua vào", "bán ra", "người mua", "người bán", "bên mua", "bên bán", "lợi điểm bán hàng", "mua sắm", "bán ra", "tiêu thụ", và "bán lẻ".
促销khuyến mãi/thúc đẩy việc tiêu thụ hàng hóa (promotion)、经销 bán ra、营
销tiếp thị (marketing)等会取而代之。
（2） 动态性强，新词语多
Business Chinese vocabulary reflects the dynamic nature of the language while also evolving rapidly with the development of business activities As modern business practices, such as multinational trade, stock markets, and futures trading, continue to emerge, a corresponding influx of new business terms is inevitable.
Headhunting involves recruiting top talent, while wholesale refers to the bulk sale of goods Spot goods are items readily available for immediate purchase, and restocking is the process of replenishing inventory Paying by installments allows consumers to make purchases over time, and customs pertains to the regulations governing the import and export of goods in international trade.
Foreign trade encompasses various aspects such as import and export, which are crucial for international commerce Effective delivery processes ensure timely transactions, while order placement is essential for managing supply chains Financial instruments like bonds and debentures play a significant role in funding and investment strategies Bringing a new product to market requires careful planning and execution, alongside the decision to float a company on the stock market Implementing stop-loss strategies is vital for risk management, particularly in bear call spreads, while buying long positions in stocks can capitalize on upward market trends.
易量khối lượng giao dịch (trading volume)、产品代码mã sản phẩm (product code)、
In trading, key concepts include "position," which refers to the trader's current stake in a financial asset, and "close position," the action of liquidating that stake The term "open for trading" signifies the commencement of market activities, while "price quote" denotes the current value of an asset Effective "risk management" is crucial for traders to mitigate potential losses and enhance their trading strategies.
In business activities such as social gatherings and invitations, participants often incorporate written language expressions, including honorifics, humble phrases, and euphemisms, into their spoken communication This practice aims to enhance the formality of interactions, increase respect and politeness, and promote cooperation while minimizing any sense of threat.
令（令尊lệnh tôn/cụ ông bên nhà、令堂lệnh đường/lệnh từ/cụ bà bên nhà 等）、
拜（拜访kính thăm、拜读bái đọc/có vinh dự đọc qua等）、
奉（奉告xin báo、奉陪cùng đi/tháp tùng/tiếp/hầu等）、
惠（惠临hân hạnh đến thăm、惠赠 được biếu/kính tặng等）、
Trong tiếng Trung, từ "恭" mang ý nghĩa của sự kính trọng và lễ phép, thể hiện qua các cụm từ như "恭候" (kính cẩn chờ đợi) và "恭请" (kính mời) Tương tự, từ "垂" thể hiện sự yêu mến và quan tâm, với các cụm từ như "垂爱" (yêu thích) và "垂念" (có lòng nhớ tới).
贵（贵干lễ phép hỏi ý kiến người khác mình phải làm sao、贵庚bao nhiêu niên kỷ/niên canh等）、
高（高见cao kiến、高寿tuổi thọ等）、
光（光顾vinh dự được đón tiếp/chiếu cố、光临 quang lâm/đến dự/hạ cố等）等。
Trong tiếng Việt, từ "gia" thường được sử dụng để chỉ những thành viên trong gia đình, như "gia phụ" (cha) và "gia từ" (mẹ) Bên cạnh đó, từ "shelter" (舍) có thể được dùng để chỉ đến những người thân thuộc như "舍侄" (cháu) và "舍弟" (em trai).
鄙（鄙人bỉ nhân/kẻ hèn này、鄙见 thiển kiến/ngu ý等）、
小（小人tiểu nhân、小店cửa hàng của tôi等）、
敢（敢问xin hỏi、敢请 xin mời等）、
见（见谅xin được tha thứ/mong bỏ qua cho、见教chỉ bảo/chỉ giáo cho等） 等。
用于委婉、礼貌地表达我方的观点、疑虑、请求、要求、拒绝等，如：
希望 hy vọng、望 mong、甚愿 rất mong、谨望 rất mong、如能 nếu có thể、如蒙nếu có thể、冒昧 mạo muội等。
（4） 专门用语多，词义较为固定
Business Chinese is a subset of specialized Chinese, characterized by a vocabulary system that reflects its professional nature This distinct feature is most evident in its numerous specialized terms, which refer to specific concepts within the business domain These terms are commonly recognized and understood by professionals in the field, providing a unified definition for particular business-related matters.
其中，除了专名以外，商务术语和行业语的比重占优势。例如：承兑交
Đơn nhờ thu kèm chứng từ (D/A) là một phương thức thanh toán phổ biến trong thương mại quốc tế, trong khi đồng tiền dự trữ đóng vai trò quan trọng trong ổn định kinh tế Sản phẩm ăn cắp bản quyền gây ra nhiều vấn đề cho doanh nghiệp, đặc biệt là đối với các doanh nghiệp kinh doanh đơn lẻ và doanh nghiệp liên doanh Trả góp là hình thức thanh toán thuận tiện cho người tiêu dùng, trong khi khoa học kỹ thuật tân tiến đang thúc đẩy sự phát triển của các tập đoàn đa quốc gia Hội chợ việc làm giúp kết nối nhà tuyển dụng và người tìm việc, trong khi trung tâm thương mại là nơi diễn ra nhiều hoạt động thương mại sôi nổi Khảo sát thị trường là cần thiết để hiểu rõ nhu cầu của khách hàng, và môi trường đầu tư ảnh hưởng lớn đến quyết định của các doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư từ nước ngoài Mạng lưới phân phối hiệu quả là yếu tố then chốt trong việc tăng trưởng doanh số, trong khi khuôn mẫu vận hành và vòng quay vốn là những yếu tố quan trọng trong quản lý tài chính doanh nghiệp.
Business terminology tends to have fixed meanings with clear conceptual references, minimizing ambiguity For instance, terms that describe various types of enterprises maintain a one-to-one correspondence in translation between Chinese, Vietnamese, and English, such as "独资企业" (doanh nghiệp kinh doanh đơn lẻ) meaning "sole proprietorship," "合资企业" (doanh nghiệp liên doanh) for "joint venture," "跨国企业" (tập đoàn đa quốc gia) as "multinational corporation," and "外资企业" (doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư từ nước ngoài) translating to "foreign company." This consistency reduces the occurrence of polysemy and ambiguity within the business Chinese vocabulary system.
（5） 词类倾向性较强
In Business Chinese, the meanings of words are relatively fixed, leading to a stable classification of terms The specialized stylistic features of Business Chinese further influence its vocabulary system, resulting in a strong tendency towards specific word classes Notably, the number of adjectives used for modification or description is limited, while there is a greater abundance of nouns that denote unified concepts and verbs that indicate actions, behaviors, or events In summary, the word class distribution in Business Chinese shows a clear inclination towards nouns and verbs.
Các thuật ngữ quan trọng trong lĩnh vực kinh doanh bao gồm kế toán tài vụ, khoản vay, vốn đầu tư mạo hiểm, cổ phiếu, hệ thống cổ phần, chứng khoán, hải quan, việc chuyển tiền, tiền hàng, quỹ/ngân sách, khách hàng, lợi nhuận, thương mại và giá bán sỉ.
理论依据
1.2.1.汉语词汇构词法理论
The study of Chinese word formation has been initially discussed in Ma Jianzhong's "Ma Shi Wen Tong." This research has evolved, with key contributions from Li Jinxie, who focused on a system of word class descriptions, and Zhao Yuanren and Lu Zhiwei, who emphasized syntactic relationships Initially centered on semantic analysis, word formation studies shifted towards an emphasis on syntactic structure analysis by the mid-20th century Recently, the field has diversified, exploring various perspectives, including generative processes, pure semantics, and phonetic and prosodic approaches Debates in word formation research primarily revolve around compound words.
Chen Guanglei (2001) defines morphology as the rules governing the formation of words from morphemes, focusing on the grammatical analysis of existing words to explain how morphemes combine within a word's internal structure Analyzing structural types such as simple words, derived words, and compound words falls under the study of morphology Similarly, Ge Benyi (2006) shares this perspective.
“所谓构词是指词的内部结构问题” 71 。符淮青（2019）曾提出广义的构词法
The study of word formation encompasses various methods and structures, highlighting different levels and dimensions of morphology It focuses on two key aspects: the nature of the components that make up words and the semantic relationships between these components.
The relationship between the components of a word and its meaning is crucial in understanding vocabulary Additionally, the significance of these components can vary during the word formation process Furthermore, the way in which these components convey meaning plays a vital role in determining the amount of information a word carries.
According to Fu Huaqing (2019), the Chinese vocabulary system is composed of two main components: "words" and "phrases." He defines vocabulary as the totality of linguistic expressions within a language.
70 陈光磊 (2001) 汉语词法论 上海：学林出版社：19
71 葛本仪 (2006) 汉语词汇研究 上海：上海外语教育出版社：49
72 符淮青 (2019) 现代汉语词汇学 北京：北京大学出版社：20
The components of words are morphemes, which can be categorized into two types: "simple words," consisting of a single morpheme without internal structure issues, and "compound words," made up of two or more morphemes that do have internal structure issues Additionally, compound words can be further divided into two subcategories: those formed by the combination of root morphemes.
In the Chinese vocabulary system, there are compound words formed by combining two or more words, as well as derived words created by adding prefixes or suffixes to root words Additionally, the system includes fixed expressions, which encompass specialized terms, abbreviations, idioms, and commonly used phrases.
图 1.1 汉语词汇的组成部分（符淮青，2019）
In modern Chinese, a "word" is generally considered the smallest independent unit of language that carries a specific meaning, typically characterized by a fixed phonetic form Words can be categorized into two types based on their meaning: content words, which convey concrete meanings (known as lexical meaning), and function words, which serve grammatical purposes in phrases and sentences (referred to as grammatical meaning) Additionally, words can be classified by syllable composition, including monosyllabic, disyllabic, and polysyllabic words, with disyllabic words making up over 70% of modern Chinese vocabulary.
Ge Benyi (2006, as cited in Wu Haiyan, 2014) analyzes Chinese word formation from three aspects: the phonetic form of words, the number of morphemes, and the nature and combination of morphemes, as summarized in the table below.
73 符淮青 (2019) 现代汉语词汇学 北京：北京大学出版社：14、21-23
74 吴海燕 (2014) 商务汉语词汇研究 北京：中国书籍出版社：68-69
单纯词 合成词
复合词 派生词
专门用语简称熟语习用词组
表 1.1 葛本仪的构词法系统
多音词 双音词（复音词）
音节结构关
重叠式 全部重叠式 单音节重叠
双音节分别重叠 部分重叠式
双声词 叠韵词
词素多少 单纯词
词素的性质
及组合方式
派生词 前缀 + 词根
同义联合 反义联合 意义相关联合 偏正式
补充式 注释型
所属物类 单位名称 事物情状 动补型
In his 2016 study, Zhou Jian identified that there are a number of Chinese compound words that cannot be classified using the five common combination methods: conjunction, attributive, supplementary, action-object, and subject-predicate He proposed additional special combination methods, such as sequential, associative, and reverse order, to better explain these unique compounds Properly applying these special combinations can significantly enhance the understanding of certain Chinese compound words.
This article categorizes business Chinese vocabulary and explores its word formation characteristics It primarily draws on the vocabulary components introduced by Fu Huaqing as the first theoretical basis for classification Additionally, it examines the word level to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
75 周荐 (2016) 汉语词汇教学的重点和难点：意义、结构 澳门理工学院
This article will analyze the morphological systems of Ge Benyi and Zhou Jian as a secondary theoretical basis, focusing on the nature and combination methods of morphemes This approach will enhance the understanding of the morphological characteristics of business Chinese vocabulary.
1.2.2.词汇语义学之义位结构论
Zhang Zhiyi and Zhang Qingyun (2012) highlight that lexical semantics is an evolution of traditional semantics (lexicology) and serves as a branch of modern semantics Their research focuses on exploring the relationships between word meanings and their content using contemporary semantic theories and methods, significantly advancing both the breadth and depth of study compared to traditional semantics.
According to Jia Yande (as cited in Ye Wenxi, 2016), semantic units represent the building blocks of meaning within language, comprising seven types: semantic features, morpheme meaning, sense, meaning clusters, sentence meaning, discourse meaning, and additional meaning Among these, semantic features, morpheme meaning, and additional meaning differ from the other four types, which have a clear correspondence with linguistic units.
义位 —— 义丛 —— 句义 —— 言语作品义
词（或语素） 词组 句子 篇章
Meaning units are derived from the decomposition of meaning positions The significance of a morpheme lies in its ability to indicate or add supplementary meaning rather than forming a structural relationship with meaning positions While the number of meaning positions is vast and variable, the quantity of morpheme meanings is limited and stable Meaning clusters refer to the significance expressed by phrases, formed by the combination of meaning positions Sentence meaning is derived from the combination of meaning positions and meaning clusters, while the meaning of a discourse or text segment arises from the combination of sentence meanings or meaning clusters.
小结
Business Chinese vocabulary differs from general Chinese vocabulary in several ways while also sharing some similarities This chapter analyzes the specialized characteristics of Business Chinese vocabulary, highlighting seven prominent features: (1) a strong emphasis on professionalism and linguistic norms; (2) high dynamism with the frequent introduction of new terms; (3) the incorporation of spoken vocabulary that reflects unique stylistic traits; (4) a prevalence of specialized terminology with relatively fixed meanings; (5) a strong tendency towards specific word classes; (6) clear symmetry that reflects the nature of business activities; and (7) notable communicative characteristics that often overlap with general Chinese vocabulary.
This chapter provides a summary of the theories related to Chinese vocabulary formation and lexical semantics, specifically focusing on the structural aspects of meaning This lays the groundwork for the subsequent chapters, which will explore the formal and semantic dimensions of business Chinese vocabulary.
商务汉语词汇内部结构特点
商务汉语词汇构词之总体
The previous chapter outlined the classification of business Chinese vocabulary and its word formation characteristics This article adopts the perspective of Fu Huaqing (2019) as the primary theoretical basis for categorizing business Chinese vocabulary into two main parts: words and phrases Additionally, it references the word formation systems proposed by Ge Benyi (2006) and Zhou Jian (2016) as a secondary theoretical foundation to analyze the word formation features of business Chinese vocabulary.
This article focuses on the vocabulary list from the "Basic Practical Business Chinese" textbook, excluding phrases to categorize the remaining words It further analyzes the morphological characteristics of different word types, including simple words, derived words, and compound words.
表 2.1.《基础实用商务汉语》教程中的词汇表的分类
单纯词 合成词
专门用语 简称 熟语 习用词组 派生词 复合词
57 个 72 个 758 个 140 个 7 个 20 个 21 个
商务汉语单纯词特点
In the analysis of vocabulary, simple words account for only 57 items, representing 6% of the total word types Further classification based on the "Vocabulary Outline for Undergraduate Teaching of Business Chinese" reveals three levels: beginner (survival vocabulary), intermediate (office vocabulary), and advanced (business-related vocabulary), as detailed in the following table.
表 2.2.《基础实用商务汉语》教程中词汇表的单纯词统计
磅、尝、吹、催、打、袋、倒、道、顿、付、副、赶、
（工）厂、货、级、即、仅、敬、卡、款、类、列、
龙、某、嗯、浓、陪、批、强、使、数、太太、填、
哇、往往、香、项、型、行李、旬
中 并、称、待、单、额、供、将（要）、届、卡通、稍、
搜、挖、由、镇、醉 15 个
高 若干、讨 2 个
The vocabulary list in the "Practical Business Chinese" textbook shows that while the selection of simple words has narrowed towards business-related terms, the number of words explicitly related to business life and operations remains limited Key terms such as催 (urge), 付 (pay), and 货 (goods) represent either nouns related to business entities or verbs connected to business activities When these simple words combine with others from the business domain, they form new terms that not only enhance their word formation capabilities but also provide clearer meanings related to business life and communication, such as in 工厂 (factory), 订单 (order), and 供应商 (supplier).
商务汉语派生词构词特点
In the vocabulary list of the "Fundamental Practical Business Chinese" course, derived words constitute a small portion, with only 72 terms making up 8% of the total Among these, only a few derived words are widely recognized.
The article discusses words formed from roots combined with typical affixes, such as "老", "乎", "然", "于", and "子" Additionally, it highlights that some derived words are actually created by combining roots with commonly recognized affixes, including "化" and "家".
In the realm of business Chinese, certain derived terms are formed from roots combined with morphemes considered as class affixes Examples of these terms include "量单" (quantity order), "额方" (amount square), "货级" (goods level), "价金" (price capital), "品期" (product period), and others, reflecting the specificity and nuance of business vocabulary.
表 2.3.《基础实用商务汉语》教程中词汇表的派生词
~然 固然、既然、自然 3 个
~于 便于、等于、关于、善于、位于、限于、由于、
~子 筷子、面子、箱子、巷子、小册子 5 个
~化 国际化、经济全球化、净化、现代化 4 个
~量 产量、数量、质量 3 个
~性 季节性、全国性 2 个
~单 订单、申报单 2 个
~额 出口额、金额、销售总额 3 个
~方 对方、双方 2 个
~货 订货、现货、硬通货 3 个
~级 国家级、五星级、重量级 3 个
~价 促销价、低价、廉价、零售价、批发价、市场价、
~金 现金、押金、佣金、资金 4 个
~品 产品、成品、商品、试销品 4 个
~期 保修期、长期、初期、定期、高峰期、假期、
~区 高新区、生产区、新区、展区、自贸区 5 个
~商 厂商、电商、供应商 3 个
~有 国有、私有 2 个
The concept of class affixes has gradually emerged in the study of modern Chinese affixes In 1942, Lü Shuxiang mentioned components resembling "near suffixes" in his work "A Brief Outline of Chinese Grammar," including terms like 人 (ren), 家 (jia), 界 (jie), 量 (liang), 负 (fu), and 度 (du) Similarly, Wang Li's "Modern Chinese Grammar" (1943) discussed elements such as "化" (hua) and "性" (xing), which share characteristics with the "suffixes" defined in Western linguistics Lü Shuxiang further elaborated on concepts like "class affixes, class prefixes, and class suffixes" in his 1978 publication "Issues in Chinese Grammar Analysis." Additionally, Ren Xueliang introduced the notion of "quasi-prefixes" in "Chinese Word Formation."
《新编现代汉语》中提到汉语中存在一些实义正在虚化的词缀。陈光磊在
In "A Study of Chinese Morphology," the concept of "quasi-affixes" is explored, referring to morphemes that resemble affixes but are less abstract than traditional affixes and lack the concrete meaning of roots These semi-abstract morphemes have a wide range of combinations in compound words Key criteria for identifying quasi-affixes include the degree of semantic abstraction, grammatical significance, fixed positioning, productivity, broad combinability, non-expandability, and adhesion In the realm of business Chinese vocabulary, there are several quasi-affixes that exhibit strong productivity, maintain a relatively fixed position when attached to other roots, retain some semantic meaning, and contribute to the grammatical significance of the resulting words, thereby influencing their lexical tendencies Additional examples can be found beyond those listed in the table.
买家 卖家 商家 庄家 金融家 企业家 银行家 经济学家
储量 计量 流量 批量 容量 增量 总量
保有量 产销量 交易量 销售量
保额 差额 超额 大额 等额 定额 份额 高额 净额 巨额
面额 配额 全额 税额 限额 小额 余额 总额 足额 成交额 交易额 营业额
购方 贵方 甲方 借方 买方 卖方 收方 售方 乙方
出资方 受益方 投资方
保价 比价 标价 差价 单价 地价 房价 高价 官价 股价
78 陈光磊 (2001) 汉语词法论 上海：学林出版社：23
Affordable pricing, full price, market price, commodity prices, current price, original price, freight rates, construction costs, total price, and cost price are all essential terms in the pricing landscape Additionally, factory price, opening price, closing price, and discounted price play significant roles in determining the value of goods and services Understanding these concepts is crucial for consumers and businesses alike to navigate the market effectively.
本金 酬金 定金 罚金 股金 基金 奖金 美金 年金 赎金
In financial management, various terms denote different types of funds, including salary, rent, security deposits, reserves, provident funds, relief funds, compensation, and entrusted funds Additionally, pension funds, contingency reserves, capital funds, and land transfer fees play crucial roles in economic transactions and personal finance Understanding these terms is essential for effective budgeting and investment strategies.
半成品 舶来品 纺织品 非卖品 耐用品 农产品 奢侈品
特价品 消费品 制成品
In the business ecosystem, various entities play crucial roles, including unscrupulous merchants, large enterprises, and trading companies Key players such as brokers, foreign investors, and distributors facilitate market transactions, while suppliers and wholesalers ensure product availability Retailers and intermediaries connect manufacturers with consumers, and developers contribute to market growth through innovative projects Each of these roles is essential for maintaining a dynamic and efficient marketplace.
The morphemes "额, 方, 价, 金, 品, 商" hold concrete meanings in general Chinese and are not used as affixes However, in the realm of business Chinese, their frequency of use increases, showcasing strong parts of speech and semantic categories When these morphemes combine with certain roots, they create words with fixed grammatical properties and positions, demonstrating significant productivity As a result, they function similarly to affixes.
价： N/A + 价 = N “价”为类词缀
V + 价 = V “价”为有实义的词根 商： N/A + 商= N “商”为类词缀
商 + N/V = N/V “商”为有实义的词根 家：N/V + 家= N “家”为类词缀
家 + N = N “家”为有实义的词根
商务汉语复合词构词特点
In the vocabulary list of the "Basic Practical Business Chinese" textbook, compound words make up the majority, accounting for 85% of the total word count A further analysis categorizes the vocabulary according to the "Vocational Chinese Teaching Vocabulary Outline," which includes three levels: beginner (survival words), intermediate (office-related terms), and advanced (business terminology), as illustrated in the following table.
表 2.4.《基础实用商务汉语》教程中词汇表的复合词等级统计
等级 量 比重
"Basic Practical Business Chinese" is a textbook designed for learners who have studied Chinese for one to one and a half years and have a foundational understanding of modern Chinese grammar The vocabulary distribution in the textbook shows that nearly half of the compound words are related to office terminology, followed by survival-related terms, while terms related to trade and business are less prevalent This distribution aligns well with the educational objectives of the textbook Further analysis will be provided regarding the morphological characteristics of the compound words in its vocabulary.
2.4.1.商务汉语复合词构词分类
According to Ge Benyi's morphological system, there are five common types of compound word combinations in business Chinese vocabulary: coordinate, attributive, supplementary, verb-object, and subject-predicate A statistical analysis of the 758 compound words listed in the glossary of the "Basic Practical Business Chinese" textbook reveals these categories.
79 关道雄 (2020) 基础实用商务汉语（第三版） 北京：北京大学出版社：3
表 2.5 复合词的常见组合方式
联合 式复合词： 214 个 占 28.23%
偏正 式复合词： 267 个 占 35.22%
补充 式复合词： 45 个 占 5.94%
动宾 式复合词： 74 个 占 9.76%
主谓 式复合词： 6 个 占 0.79%
In addition to this, drawing on the research findings of senior scholar Zhou Jian, it is evident that, similar to general Chinese vocabulary, the business Chinese vocabulary system also contains unique compound words formed through specific combinations These word formation techniques differ from common patterns and cannot be explained by typical frameworks, primarily including sequential, associative, and reverse order formations Statistical classification data derived from the comprehensive vocabulary list of the "Basic Practical Business Chinese" course is as follows:
表 2.6 复合词的特殊组合方式
递续 式复合词： 42 个 占 5.54%
意合 式复合词： 100 个 占 13.19%
逆序 式复合词： 9 个 占 1.19%
逆序式复合词：
In reverse compound words, the order of morpheme combinations is opposite to that of typical attributive or verb-object compounds For instance, "策划" (planning) can be interpreted as "designing (划) ideas or methods (策)," where "划" serves as the verb root and "策" acts as its object This arrangement contrasts with the usual verb-object structure, placing the verb at the end and the object at the front Similarly, "人才" (talented person) can be understood as "a person (人) with talent or ability (才) in a specific area," again reversing the order found in common attributive compounds, with the modified morpheme "人" preceding and the modifying morpheme "才" following These examples highlight a clear contrast with the conventional morpheme order in typical compound words.
担心：心中有顾虑；
告别：分别前相认表明、告知；
招手：以手势叫人来。
意合式复合词：
The associative compound words differ from both coordinated and subordinated compound words In associative compounds, the two components are not combined in a conventional relationship but are instead stacked together, showcasing a unique form of linguistic construction.
风险：危险；遭受损失、伤害、不利或毁灭的可能性
A company is an economic entity established in accordance with the law, aimed at generating profit, and independently assumes civil liability while engaging in production or service-oriented activities.
Communication originally referred to the act of digging a channel to connect two bodies of water; it has since evolved to encompass the broader concept of facilitating understanding and connection between two parties, as well as clarifying mutual opinions.
The customs authority is the national administrative body responsible for supervising and inspecting all goods and items entering or leaving the country or borders, collecting tariffs in accordance with regulations, and executing anti-smuggling tasks.
A passport is an official document issued by a country's governing authority that certifies the nationality and identity of its citizens traveling abroad, executing missions, or residing overseas.
接风：宴请远来的亲友
递续式复合词：
递续式复合词中的两个词根（V1+V2）都表动作行为，可分为以下五种情 况：
Trong trường hợp đầu tiên, hai hành động V1 và V2 xảy ra theo thứ tự thời gian, với V1 diễn ra trước và V2 diễn ra sau, và cả hai hành động đều được thực hiện bởi cùng một chủ thể ngầm định.
采用：采纳 [然后] 应用、
参照：参考 [然后] 仿照、
接待：迎接 [后] 招待、
结算： [把某一时期内的所有收支情况进行] 总结[后] 核算、
录用：录取 [人才，加以] 任用、
入驻：进入 [后] 驻留、
商定：商议 [后] 决定。
Examples of related terms include "reserve, order, borrow, reportedly, anticipate, filter, establish, apply, review, negotiate, research and development, acceptance, exhibition and sales, hospitality, and shipment."
Trong trường hợp thứ hai, hành động V1 chi phối sự xảy ra của hành động V2 Hai hành động này được thực hiện bởi hai chủ thể ngầm định khác nhau, trong đó chủ thể của V2 đồng thời cũng là đối tượng của V1.
饯行：[甲]设酒食送[乙]行、
叫醒：[甲]叫[乙]醒、
托收：[甲]托[乙]收。
属于此类的还如“代表、代理、送行、代销、教练、托管、托运、助 理”等。
Trường hợp thứ ba là hành động V1 và V2, trong đó V1 là chủ thể điều khiển V2 và khiến cho V2 xảy ra Hai hành động này được phát ra bởi hai chủ thể tiềm ẩn khác nhau.
传达：[甲]传告[乙、以使乙]通达事理、
Khuyến mãi là quá trình mà các nhà tiếp thị truyền đạt thông tin về doanh nghiệp và sản phẩm của họ đến người tiêu dùng, nhằm thuyết phục hoặc thu hút người tiêu dùng mua sản phẩm, từ đó đạt được mục tiêu tăng doanh số bán hàng.
挑战：[甲]激将[乙，以使乙]出战。
小结
This chapter draws on the vocabulary components of Fu Huaqing and the word formation systems of Ge Benyi and Zhou Jian as a theoretical framework.
论依据，以《基础实用商务汉语》教程中的总词汇表为研究对象，对商务汉
语词汇构词特点进行分析并得出以下几点：
第一， 商务汉语词汇系统主要由词和固定语两个部分组成。其中，词的
数量占优势（约占 80%以上）。
第二， 就词的部分看，单纯词和派生词的比例较为谦虚，而复合词则占
了总词量的 85%。
第三， 单纯词的构词能力较强；与其他词根组成新词后，其商贸业务领
The significance of social and communicative activities in the domain is increasingly emphasized Additionally, some derived words are formed from roots combined with morphemes that are regarded as quasi-affixes in the field of business Chinese.
组成。这种现象在一定程度上丰富了商务汉语词汇系统。
第五， 就复合词部分，从组合方式看，偏正式和联合式为数最多；此外，
There are several unique combinations such as harmonious, sequential, and reverse structures Compound words, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, exhibit noteworthy characteristics worth mentioning.