DeyMHpc 365 2014 M W 127 Phifcfng hiTGfng tich hgfp trong day hpc hofp phan If thuyet chung ve ngon ngu'''' va tieng Viet & bac THPT NGUYEN THI HlTaNG LAI Ldp Su phpm NgQ van K33, Dpi hpc Quy NhOn Teh hy[.]
Trang 1DeyMHpc 365-2014 M W 127
Phifcfng hiTGfng tich hgfp trong day hpc hofp phan If thuyet chung ve ngon ngu'
va tieng Viet & bac THPT
NGUYEN THI HlTaNG LAI Ldp Su phpm NgQ van K33, Dpi hpc Quy NhOn
Teh hyp trong dpy hpc la huy ddng nhQng kiln thUc, kT
nang d nhilu ITnh vyc khac nhau nhung cd quan he gan
gui rdi k i t hyp mot each hQu cd, cd he Ihdng, nham
giai quyet cae nhiam vy hpc tap, qua dd hinh thanh nhQng
hQdng tieh hop la mdt hQdng di mdi, hieu qua: Giup giai
quyll tinh trpng qua tai, trQng lap kiln thQc gSy lang phf thdi
sang tpo va phat triln tQ duy tdng hdp cho hpe sinh (HS), Dpy
hpc hyp phan Ly thuyet chung vi ngdn ngiS va tieng Wef eung
hUa hen nhilu thanh edng khi di theo djnh hudng nay D l
dam bao hieu qua tfeh hdp, ehung tdi xin de xua't mpt sd
phUdng hudng tich hyp sau day:
I TICH H0P LIEN BO MON
Tfeh hdp nan bd mdn {tfch hdp ngang) la kieu tieh hdp kiln
thQc, kTnang eua nhilu phan mdn, bd mdn va ITnh vyc khae
nhau d l sol chieu, lam sang td phan npi dung kien thQc va kT
nang dang dpy,
Ba phan mdn Van hge, Tieng Vietva Lam van ed sU khac
nhau cd ban ve tfnh cha't ndi dung tri thUc Tuy nhien, dQng
tren phUdng dian tdng the, khdng I h l phu nhpn mdi lian he
hinh thanh kien IhQc va kTnang eho HS Ngoai sQ gan bd glQa
cac phan mdn trong cung mdt mdn hpc, cac bai hge trong
cd sy hen he vdi nhQng bd phan kiln thQc thupc eac mdn hpc
la nhUng mdn khoa hpe xa hdi va nhan van,
Vi vay, dpy hpc hdp phan Ly thuyet chung ve ngdn ngU vi
tieng Viet, can tieh hdp vdi kien thQe eua hai phan men Van
kiln thQc lien quan d l nang cac hieu qua giang day
1 Tich hdp vdi Van hpc
N l u khdng cd nhQng tri thQe va kTnang sQdyng tieng Viet
thi khd cd the phan tieh, binh giang thanh cdng mdt tac pham
v5n hpc NgQde lai, khdng ed nang lyc dpc - hieu, ITnh hpi
dyng tieng Viet van hda, hieu qua Do dd, dpy hpe Tieng Viet
khdng the laoh rdi dpy Dpc van
va tieng We(cung cap nhQng kien thQe \y thuyet khai quat ve
ngon ngQ ndi ehung va tieng Viet ndi rieng Viec giang day nhQng ndi dung kien IhQc nay se dUdc ho trd dac lyc bdi nhQng kiln thQe Van hpc Tac pham van chUdng chfnh la ndi tpc dUde ket tinh d l trd nen dep de nhat, rUe rd nha't va bpc Id ban van hpc lam ngQ lieu true tiep cho viee day tilng Viet
G V cd the lay mot doan van ngan trong cae tae pham nhU
Lang (Kim tan), Lao Hac (Nam Cao), Lang ie Sa Pa (Nguyin
cae em vQa dUdc tim hieu d cae tilt hoe trong chUdng trinh
Ngitvan 10, tap 1 lam ngQ lieu cho viec phan tfch nhQng dpc
diem ngdn ngQ viet d bai Dpc diem ngon ngQ ndi vi ngon ngO
viet{NgCtvan W, tap 1) Lly ngQIieu tQvanbandahoesegdl
nhac cho HS ve van ban ay ddng thdi giam bdt thdi gian va cdng sQe cho thao tac phan tfeh ngQ lieu
Mat khae, nhQng tac pham trong phan mdn Van hpc eung
la ndi kiem chQng hieu qua nhat cho nhQng ly Ihuyet ngdn ngi3 ma HS da dQdc tiep thu, De sQ dung tilng Viet hay va
dat hieu qua giao tiep cao, "khi ndi va viet, ching nhUng cin
sU dung tie'ng Viet dung theo cac chuan mUc cCia, ma con ein SL/ dung mot each sing tao, co su chuyen doi tinh hoat theo cic phUong thUc va quy tac chung, theo cic phep tu tU de cho idi ndi, cau van co tfnh nghe thuat va dat hieu qua giao tiep
cCia nhan dinh nay qua cac tae pham ngdn tQ Van ban van nhQng gia tn lu tQ, gia tri phong each cua ngdn ngQ
2 Tfch hdp vdi Lam van Myc dich eudi eQng cua viec dpy va hpc Tieng Viet la glQp
HS cd t h i sQ dung lieng Viet mdt each thanh thao, cd kha cupc sdng hang ngay Tilng Viet duyc xem nhu la phan mdn van NgUde lai, phan mdn Lam van cung c6.nhQng lac dong nha't dinh, h§ trd chd viec dpy hpc Tieng Viet
Lam van ren luyen eho HS tU duy logic, khoa hpc, sU chinh xac, chat che trong lap luan va trinh bay van de Dp vay, nd se bo trd dac lyc cho viee dpy va hpe bp phan kien
Trang 228,
thQc day tinh khoa hpc trong phan mdn Tilng Viet Hdn nQa,
Viet ma HS liep thu trong hdp phan Lf' thuyet chung vi ngdn
ngO vi tieng Viet se duyc dUa vac Qng dyng thyc te IQ dd giQp
cac em hieu sau sic hon, Chf trong qua trinh sQ dung, HS
ngdn ngiJ viet, nam vij'ng duyc nhQng y l u cau de sQ dyng
tieng Viet dQng va hay, nhan IhQc dQye dac diem loai hinh
ciia tilng me de, sU giau dep cua ngdn ngQ dan tdc va tren cd
sd dd mdi cd y thQe giQ gin sy trong sang cua tieng Viet
GV cd the dUa ra eac bai tap mang tfnh tfch hyp tri IhQc
Tieng Viet va Lam van de HS luyen tap, Chang han nhU eho
HS Viet mpt dopn van ngan va chi ra hieu qua cua hU IQ va
tiing Viit{NgQvin 11 tap 2), Hope nhUyeu cau HS phan tich
va chQa cac Idl ve chlnh ta, tQ vQng, ngQ phap each diln dpt,
k i t ca'u cua bai lam (neu ed) trong bai lam van gan nhat ma
HS vQa thyc hien (bai viet sd 4) khi day bai NhUng yiu cau ve
sU dung tling Viet {NgU van 10 tap 2)
3 Tfch hyp vdi cac mon g i n guf (Ljch sii, Dia ly,
Ngopi ngCL,)
Ngdn ngQ nay sinh va phat then gin liln vdi Ijch sQ phpl
sinh, phat triln cilia mdl dan tpc, mot xa hpi Day hpc Tilng
cQa dat nudc Vipt Nam de II giai ve dpc diem va sU phat tnen
ciia ngdn ngQ dan tpc Khi day bai Khai quit lich sQ tieng Vidt
{NgSvan 10 tap 2), khdng tich hdp vdi kiln IhQe lieh sQ, GV
se khd d l I'y' giai mpt each thau dao vi sao tieng Viet Ipi cd
ddc Ipp, ty chQ {thi ki X) nhUng nha nUdc phong kiln v i n tilp
ngudi Trung Hoa
Cung trong bai Khai quat lich sU tieng Viet GV cd the van
dung nhij'ng kiln thQc dja If n l n tang d l giai thich v l ngudn
gde eua tieng Viet - tieng Viet thudc ho ngdn ngU Nam A
NgUdl dpy cd t h i kit hyp vdi ban do de ehl rd ndi phan bd cOa
hp ngdn ngQ nay mpt each tryc quan, sinh dpng
Can lUu y, nhQng kiln IhQe gan thupc cac mdn hoe gui
nay HS da duyc tim hieu kTd npi dung mdn Lloh sQ, Dja 1;!'
ndn khi dpy hpc, GV chi can gdi nhac chQ khdng can va
khdng nen di qua sau, danh thdi gian nhieu hdn de hinh
thanh kiln thQc mdi Van dung kiln thQc Sii - Dia de day
nen sinh dpng, sang td ma cdn gdp phan on tap, cung cd kiln
thQc v l Ljch sii Dja Iy - nhQng kiln IhQc vdn rat quan trpng
nhung HS lau nay Ipi khdng may quan tam
Kiln thQc v l ngopi ngQ cung rat quan trpng trong day hpe
hdp phan Ly thuyit chung vi ngdn ngU vi tieng Viet Cym bai
nay khong ehl nghien cQu ve tieng Viet ndi rieng ma cdn cung
ca'p nhQng kien thQe ve ngdn ngQ ndi chung Dat trong t h i ddi
sanh giQa tieng Viet va tieng nUdc ngoai, kiln thQc ve ngdn
ngQ cua HS se duyc md rdng, tri thQc v l tieng Viet cung trd
Han, tilng Phap, tieng Anh rat can thiet khi dpy Dac diem
loai hinh tieng Viet {NgCt van 11 tap 2) hay Khai quat ijch sCf
tidng Viit {NgUvan 10 lap 2)
Tfeh hyp kiln thQc lien mdn trong dpy hpc Tieng Viet ndi
chung va hyp phan /.j? thuyit chung ve ngdn ngQ va tiing Viet
ndi rieng la vd eung quan trpng Tuy nhien, khdng phai GV
II TICH HdP NOI BO
SGK NgOfvan dUde bi§n sopn theo chUdng trinh mdi khdng
ehl the hien sU tich hyp giUa cac phan mdn tieh hyp vdi cac mdn hpe khac ma cdn the hien sy tieh hyp theo hudng cung
CO va nang cao nhQng by phan kien thQc da hpc d l hinh thanh In thQe thQc mdi, Trong cac nam hpc trUdc, HS dUdc yeu eau ed ban khi sQ dyng tieng Viet, NhQng kien thQe ay dUdc hinh thanh va tfeh luy d i n trong tam trf cac em, chQng
se la cd sd quan trpng de dpy hpc hyp phan L'f thuyet chung
ve ngdn ngQ va tidng Viet
1 Ngufam
HS THPT nhin ehung da nam bat duyc cac quy tac ngQ
am tilng Viet va sQ dyng chQng mpt each hyp IJ trong giao tiep hang ngay nhUng da phan la nhQng kien IhQc thieu tfnh
day nhQng bai Ly thuyet tieng Wef cd lien quan den phUdng
dien ngQ am Day cung la cd hdi d l GV dn luyen lai kien thQc ngQ am cho HS mpt each cd he thdng
Bai NhQng yeu ciu vi siy dung tieng Viet {NgCt van 10, \ap
2) dua ra nhQng yeu cau ed ban d l sQ dung tieng Viet dung
lien ma HS can phai luu </ la phUdng dien ngUamva chUvidt
N l u khong cd nhQng kien thQe ed ban v l ngO am thi HS khd
ed the phat hien ra nhQng idi vi phpm chuan myc va rQt ra cac
quy tac de sQ dyng tilng Viet dQng chuan NhQng kien thQc
ngQ am nay, HS da dan dQdc hinh Ihanh qua thdi gian hpc 6 liep thyc te hang ngay, DUa vao nhQng kien IhQc da cd va thol quen sQ dyng ngdn ngQ, GV cd the nhac lpi va phan tich mo hinh cau tpo am tiet tilng Viet:
THANH DIEU
Am dau
V i n
Am dem 1 Am chinh 1 Am cudi
Dya vao md hinh nay, HS d i dang phat hien ra cac Idi sai
cd ban v l mat ngQ am: sal am dau, am cudi hay thanh dieu
va IQ dd hudng Idi sQ dyng dQng chuan myc,
2Jii ngD
6 bpc tllu hpc, HS da dUdc tiep xQe vdi nhQng kien IhQc ve
tu VQng, bat dau tU nhUng bai hoc md rpng vdn tQ theo eac chii
d l quen thudc vdi eac em nhu Gia dinh, Nha trUdng, Que hUdng,
Dat nudc, Nhan dan, Bac Ho Len JHCS nhQng kiln thQc v l
tQ vyng, ngQ nghTa duye dao sau hdn tren cd sd ke thQa nhQng kiln thQc ma HS da duyc tilp thu 6 bac tieu hpc Den bac THPT, kien thQe v l tQ vyng tiep tyc duye trau ddi chu y l u 6 phUdng dien thye hanh, luyen tap tren ed sd nhQng kien thQc IJ thuyet da duyc tiep thu 6 Idp dudl,
Dua vac nhQng kiln thUc da cd, GV d i dang djnh hUdng cho HS phai hien ra cae Idi sai nhU sai ve eau Ipo tQ, sai ve ket
hdp tQ Tai sao khdng the dung tQ Truyen tyngXronQ cau Nhi^g
hoc sinh trong trUdng se hieu sai cic vdn di mi thay giao truyin tung [2; tr 65] ma phai thay bang truyen dat hay truyin thu?
chpn dUde tQ thay the phu hdp nhQng eac em thudng khdng the giai thich dUdc If do mpt each cy fril va thuyet phyc GV
Trang 3Dayml^c so 5-2014 2fl
HS nam dUdc cdl Idi eua van d l Truyin tung: {lit Han Viet) cd
nghTa la truyln mieng rdng rai, mang sac thai ca ngyi; truyin
thu: truyln lai tn thQc, kinh nghiem cho ngudi khle, truyin da.t
lam cho ngudi khac nam duye de chap hanh
3 NgQ phap
Neu d Idp 1, ldp 2, HS chf mdl lam quen vdi nhQng kien
thQc v l ngQ I m , tQ vyng thi den ldp 3, cac em da dude eung
elp mdt sd kiln thQe ddn gian ve ngQ phap, Dd la nhiing kiln
thQc v l cau, cae thanh phan cau, tQ lopi, dau cau, cac kilu cau
chia theo mye dfch ndi hoac theo eau tpo ngO phap Ve ed
ban, kit IhQc bae hpc THCS, HS da nam tUdng ddi day dii
dyng lot eac kien IhQe l y trong giao tiep, hpc tap, Ngoai viee
hinh thinh va ren luyen irong qua trinh giao tilp hang ngay
Khdng nam chac each c l u tpo eua cym IQ, cau tpo cau, lien kit
cau Ihl khdng the sQ dyng ngdn ngO de tU duy, de giao tiep
dpt hieu qua eao, Khi cung d p nhQng kien thQc khai quat nhat
khoa hpc nhat cho HS v l he Ihdng ngon ngQ thi SGK Ngvfvan
tri IhQc nan quan den phUdng dian ngQ phap eho HS
Khi gidi thieu ve dpc dilm lopi hinh ciia tieng Viet, cd ba
dpc dilm trpng tam can eung cap cho HS va ca ba dIu lian
quan den nhOng kiln IhQe ngQ phap:
- Tieng la ddn vi ed sd eua ngQ phap,
- TQ khdng bien ddi hinh thai
- Y nghTa ngQ phap dUyc bilu hien bang trat ty tQ va hu IQ
0 mdi dac diem GV deu phai giai thfch, lam rd, cho vf du
minh hpa Tidng li gi? Tsii sao tidng li ddn vi cd sd cua ngQ
phap? Cd sd nio cho thay tU tieng Viet khdng bien doi hinh
thai?HUtUli gi? TrattUtUia gi? T^isao ndi: Ynghia ngQ phap
dUdc biSu hien bang trat tU til va hU tU? Khdng tfeh hyp vdi
nhQng kiln IhQe ngQ phap ma HS da ed thi GV khdng the
giang giai ba ddn vj kien thQe nay trong khudn khd thdi gian
theo quy dinh, GV can phai biet bd phan nao la kiln IhQe mdi,
phai phan ft'ch sau; bd phan kien thQc nao HS da nim chac ehi
can gdi nhac va tfch hdp
4 Phong each - tu \U hpc
Trong hyp phan Ly Ihuydt chung vi ngdn ngiJ vi tidng Viet
phong each hpe Khi day nhOng kien thQe dd, GV ft nhilu phai
cd san: So sanh, Nhan hda An du, Hoin du (Ldp 6); Diep ngQ,
Chdt ehQ, Uet kd (Ldp 7); Not qua, Ndi giam, ndi tranh (Ldp 8);
Phong each ngdn ngU sinh hoat, Phong each ngdn ngQ nghe
thuit {Ldp 10), Phong each ngdn ngQ bio chi, Phong each ngdn
ngQ diinh luan {Ldp 11), Phong eich ngdn ngCf khoa hoc va
Phong each ngon ngi/hinh chinh (Ldp 12)
Moi phong each ehUc nang cd mdt Idp tU rieng, cd nhQng IQ
eh? dUde sQ dung d phong each nay ma khdng t h i sQ dyng b
phong each khac, Dd la ly do tpo nen Idi sai ve phong caeh
trong cac vf dy sau:
- Trong mdt bien ban ve mpt tai npn giao thdng:
Hoang hon ngay 25 - 10, luc 17h30 tpi km 19 qudc Id 1A
da xay ra mpt vy tai npn giap thdng
- Trong mdt bii van nghi luan:
"Truyin Kiiu" cOa Nguyen Du da neu cao mot tU tudng
nhin dao het s(ic li cao dep [2; tr 66]
hyp phin Phong eich /loctrcng chUdng trinh THPT (ehl mdl duye tiep xQe vdi Phong each ngon ngQ sinh hoat) nhUng vdi
cung nhu nhQng kinh nghiem khi sQdung ngdn ngQ hang ngay,
HS khi hpc bai NhOng yeu cau vi sCfdung tieng Vietse nhanh chong nhpn ra sy bat hdp If trong cac vi du tren Hoang hdn \k khdng dUdc dung trong van ban hanh chinh; Hdt sUc la mang
nghi luan Nhiem vy cua GV la phai d i n dat sao eho HS tieh cae em dang hpc
Nhin ehung, nhQng k i l n thQe ve ngQ am, tQ vyng, ngO phap, phong each hpe duyc giang dpy cho HS mpt each
n l n tang, tao dieu kien eho HS thQe hanh, Qng dyng trong giao tiep hang ngay, NhQng kien thQe do ta cd sd quan trpng de giang day Tieng Viet d THPT ndi ehung va hdp
phan Ly' thuyet chung ve ngdn ngQ va tieng Vidt ndi riSng,
Neu b i l l tich hyp mot each hyp If thi GV cd the day nhQng bai dQyc danh gia la khd va khd nay mot each cd hieu qua, sinh dpng,
Trong day hpc Tilng Viet d THPT ndi chung va dpy hpc
hdp phan Ly thuydt chung vd ngdn ngU vi tieng Viet ndi
rieng, quan dilm tich hyp dUde the hien tren ea hai hUdng la
tfch hdp ngang vk tfch hdp doc Mdi hUdng tfch hop co mdt
dac d i l m va tam quan trpng rieng, N l u tfch hyp ngang giup
HS cd mpt cai nhin sau sac, loan dien v l van de thi tich hyp doc Ipi giOp cac em t i l p thu kiln thQe mot each cd he thdng, logic Tuy nhien cung phai thay rang, hai hUdng tieh hdp nay IhUdng khong tach bipt ma Iudn di l i l n vdi nhau trong bai hpc nao ma GV chf sQ dung duy nhat hUdng tich hyp ngang hay tich hdp dpc Hai hudng tich hdp nay ed mdi lien
he chat ehe, gan bd mat thilt vdi nhau, hd trd nhau cung lam ndi bat npi dung eua bai, ddng thdi giup HS hopt ddng tich cUc hdn, lien tyc van dyng, cung cd kien IhQc da hpc
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Bp Giao dye va Dao tpo (2006), NgUvan 10,1^ 1, (Cd ban), Nxb
Giao due, H
2 BoGiaodycvaDao tpo(200B), NgOvan 10, t^2, (Cdban), Nxb
Giao due, H
3.BpGiaodyevaDaotpo(2007),Wgi?i/an/y,f#)2,(Coban),Nxb Giao dye, H
4 Dd Ngpc Thdng (2006), Tim hieu chUdng trinh va sach giao
khoaNgHvan THPT Nxb Giao dye, H
5 Le A, Nguyin Quang Ninh, Bui tulinhToan (2009), Phudng phap
dfiyhgc tieng Vi$t Nxb Giao due, H,
6 Nguyin Ky (chu bien, 1995) PhUdngphipgiao dye tichcUc
lay ngUdihge lim trung tam Nxb Giao due, H,
7 Nguydn Van Dudng, Tieh hgp trong d^y hge NgQ van bic
THCS, 2002
8.Ph^nTh\s^l{^983).Giangd0ytU^gQdnhitrUdngphdthdng
Nxb Giao due, H,
9 Tran Thi Dieu NQ(2007), D^yhgcTieng Viet theo quan diem (fch